“Picardy”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Picardy ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɪ|k|ər|d|i}}; {{lang-fr|Picardie}}, {{IPA-fr|pikaʁdi}}) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region of Hauts-de-France.^[2] It is located in the northern part of France.

History

The historical province of Picardy stretched from north of Noyon to Calais, via the whole of the Somme department and the north of the Aisne department. The province of Artois (Arras area) separated Picardy from French Flanders.

Middle Ages

From the 5th century the area was part of the Frankish Empire, and in the feudal period it encompassed the six countships of Boulogne, Montreuil, Ponthieu, Amiénois, Vermandois, and Laonnois.^[3] According to the 843 Treaty of Verdun the region became part of West Francia, the later Kingdom of France.

The name "Picardy" (refers to a digger or picard in Parisian French) was not used until the 12th or 13th century. During this time, the name applied to all lands where the Picard language was spoken, which included all the territories from Paris to the Netherlands.^[4] In the Latin Quarter of Paris, people identified a "Picard Nation" (Nation Picarde) of students at Sorbonne University, most of whom actually came from Flanders.^[5] During the Hundred Years' War, Picardy was the centre of the Jacquerie peasant revolt in 1358.

From 1419 onwards, the Picardy counties (Boulogne, Ponthieu, Amiens, Vermandois) were gradually acquired by the Burgundian duke Philip the Good, confirmed by King Charles VII of France at the 1435 Congress of Arras. In 1477, King Louis XI of France led an army and occupied key towns in Picardy.{{sfn|Potter|1993|p=37}} By the end of 1477, Louis would control all of Picardy and most of Artois.{{sfn|Potter|1993|p=39}}

Modern era

In the 16th century, the government (military region) of Picardy was created. This became a new administrative region of France, separate from what was historically defined as Picardy. The new Picardy included the Somme département, the northern half of the Aisne département, and a small fringe in the north of the Oise département.

In 1557, Picardy was invaded by Habsburg forces under the command of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.^[6] After a seventeen-day siege,^[6] St. Quentin would be ransacked,^[6] while Noyon would be burned by the Habsburg army.^[7]

In the early 18th century, an infectious disease similar to English sweat originated from the region and spread across France. It was called Suette des picards or Picardy sweat.^[8]

Sugar beet was introduced by Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars in the 19th century, in order to counter the United Kingdom, which had seized the sugar islands possessed by France in the Caribbean. The sugar industry has continued to play a prominent role in the economy of the region.^[9]

One of the most significant historical events to occur in Picardy was the series of battles fought along the Somme during World War I. From September 1914 to August 1918, four major battles, including the Battle of the Somme, were fought by British, French, and German forces in the fields of Northern Picardy.^[10]

Picardy today

In 2009, the Regional Committee for local government reform proposed to reduce the number of French regions and cancel additions of new regions in the near future. Picardy would have disappeared, and each department would have joined a nearby region. The Oise would have been incorporated in the Île-de-France, the Somme would have been incorporated in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Aisne would have been incorporated in the Champagne-Ardenne. The vast majority of Picards were opposed to this proposal, and it was scrapped in 2010 (see newspaper: "Courrier Picard").

Today, the modern region of Picardy no longer includes the coastline from Berck to Calais, via Boulogne (Boulonais), that is now in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, but does incorporate the pays of Beauvaisis, Valois, Noyonnais, Laonnois, Soissonnais, Omois, among other departments of France. The older definition of Picardy survives in the name of the Picard language, which applies not only to the dialects of Picardy proper, but also to the Romance dialects spoken in the Nord-Pas de Calais région, north of Picardy proper, and parts of the Belgian province of Hainaut.

Geography

Between the 1990 and 1999 censuses, the population of Oise increased 0.61% per year (almost twice as fast as France as a whole), while the Aisne department lost inhabitants, and the Somme barely grew with a 0.16% growth per year. Today, 41.3% of the population of Picardy live inside the Oise department.

Picardy stretches from the long sand beaches of the Somme estuary in the west to the vast forests and pastures of the Thiérache in the east and down to the châteaux of Chantilly or Pierrefonds near the Paris Area and vineyards of the border with Champagne (Champagne picarde) to the south.

Administration

The president of the regional council is Claude Gewerc, a Socialist in office since 2004. That year he defeated longtime UDF incumbent Gilles de Robien.

Since 2008, the mayor of the city of Amiens, the regional capital, has been Socialist Gilles Demailly. He defeated longtime mayor Gilles de Robien of the New Centre party.

Language and culture

Historically, the region of Picardy has a strong and proud cultural identity. The Picard (local inhabitants and traditionally speakers of the Picard language) cultural heritage includes some of the most extraordinary Gothic churches (Amiens and Beauvais cathedrals or Saint-Quentin basilica), distinctive local cuisine (including ficelle picarde, flamiche aux poireaux, tarte au maroilles), beer (including from Péronne's de Clercq brewery) and traditional games and sports, such as the longue paume (ancestor of tennis), as well as danses picardes and its own bagpipes, called the pipasso.

The villages of Picardy have a distinct character, with their houses made of red bricks, often accented with a "lace" of white bricks. A minority of people still speak the Picard language, one of the languages of France, which is also spoken in Artois (Nord-Pas de Calais région). "P'tit quinquin", a Picard song, is a symbol of the local culture (and of that of Artois).

Picardy is the birthplace of Gothic architecture, housing six of the world's greatest examples of Gothic cathedrals, which span the history of Gothic architecture in its entirety. Amiens Cathedral, standing as the largest cathedral in Europe, which according to John Ruskin is the "Pantheon of Gothic architecture", could house the Notre-Dame de Paris twice over. It was built in as little as 50 years. Picardy also holds the tallest transept in the history of the Gothic period; this transept is located on Saint-Pierre cathedral in Beauvais, Oise.

The Museum of Picardy, built between 1855 and 1867, houses a vast array of great works, spanning centuries. Archaeology from ancient Greece and Egypt to works of Pablo Picasso. The museum was built for the very reason it is used today. Although Picardy is one of the least-known regions in France, its influence from art and most certainly architecture is vivid throughout the world.^[12]

Major communities

In popular culture

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=pib-va-reg-base-2005 |title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 1990 à 2012|author=INSEE|accessdate=2014-03-04}}
2. ^{{cite French law|number or usual name=n° 2015-29|date in French=16 janvier 2015|full name=relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral|language=French|lower case=|URL=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=9FECBA9D9314D1D2C093CF793C886ED5.tpdila21v_1?idSectionTA=JORFSCTA000030109623&cidTexte=JORFTEXT000030109622&dateTexte=29990101}}
3. ^Dunbabin.France in the Making. Ch.4. The Principalities 888–987
4. ^{{cite book|author1=Xavier De Planhol|author2=Paul Claval|title=An Historical Geography of France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C19glZh7zfoC&pg=PA172|accessdate=25 March 2012|date=17 March 1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-32208-9|page=172}}
5. ^Encyclopædia Britannica Online. History of Picardy.
6. ^¹²A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 518
7. ^George A. Rothrock, The Huguenots: A Biography of a Minority, (Nelson-Hall, Inc., 1979), 48.
8. ^{{cite book|author=T. F. C. Hecher|title=The epidemics of the Middle ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMfGlF2oOdQC&pg=PA315|accessdate=25 March 2012|year=1844|publisher=G. Woodfall and Von|pages=315–318}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.french.co.uk/france/regions/picardy/ |work=French.co.uk |title=Picardie }}
10. ^{{cite book|author=William Philpott|title=Three Armies on the Somme: The First Battle of the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MXGNxVINkAC|accessdate=25 March 2012|date=5 October 2010|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-26585-2|pages=3–4}}
11. ^{{cite web |publisher= The Walters Art Museum |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/20168 |title= Ludus Pro Patria }}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.picardietourisme.com/en/mots_clefs_de_picardie/en/gothic_art_in_picardy.aspx |title=Gothic Art in Picardy |publisher=Picardy Tourist Office|location=80011 AMIENS Cedex 1 |accessdate=14 April 2014}}