词条 | Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore | |||
释义 |
| name = Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore | iucn_category = III | photo = | photo_caption = | map = USA | relief = 1 | map_caption = | location = Alger County, Michigan, United States | nearest_city = Munising, Michigan | coordinates = {{coord|46|33|44|N|86|18|45|W|region:US|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | area_acre = 73236 | established = October 15, 1966 | visitation_num = 476,888 | visitation_year = 2005 | governing_body = National Park Service | website = [https://www.nps.gov/piro Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore] | embedded1 = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Michigan | designation1_offname = Pictured Rocks | designation1_date = February 17, 1965}} }} Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore is a U.S. National Lakeshore on the shore of Lake Superior in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States. It extends for 42 miles (67 km) along the shore and covers {{convert|73236|acre|sqmi km2|0}}. The park has extensive views of the hilly shoreline between Munising and Grand Marais in Alger County, Michigan, with picturesque rock formations, waterfalls, and sand dunes. Pictured Rocks derives its name from the 15 miles (24 km) of colorful sandstone cliffs northeast of Munising. The cliffs reach up to 200 feet (60 m) above lake level. They have been naturally sculptured into a variety of shallow caves, arches, and formations resembling castle turrets and human profiles. Near Munising, visitors can also visit Grand Island, most of which is included in the separate Grand Island National Recreation Area. The U.S. Congress designated Pictured Rocks the first National Lakeshore in the United States in 1966. It is governed by the National Park Service (NPS), with 22 year-round NPS employees as of May 2006, and received 476,888 visitors in 2005. GeologyThe colors in the cliffs are created by the large amounts of minerals in the rock. The cliffs are composed of the Munising Formation of 500-million-year-old Cambrian Period sandstone. The Munising Formation sits atop Precambrian sandstone of the Jacobsville Formation. The mottled red Jacobsville Formation is the oldest rock in the park. On top of the Munising Formation, acting as a cap over the other layers, is the hard sandstone of the younger Au Train Formation from the Ordovician Period. Streaks on the face of the cliffs come from groundwater leaching out of the rock and evaporating, leaving streaks of iron (red), manganese (black-white), limonite (yellow-brown), copper (pink-green), and other minerals.[2] HistoryAlthough the Pictured Rocks shore waters are a rich fishing ground, the sandstone cliffs are dangerous to canoes and other open boats skirting the coastline. In 1658, the fur trader Pierre Esprit Radisson made this risky passage and noted that his Native American companions made an offering of tobacco to the local spirit of the cliffs. During the Romantic Era of the 1800s, a series of American writers described their feelings upon sight of the Pictured Rocks. Geologist and US Indian Agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft visited in 1820 and remarked upon "some of the most sublime and commanding views in nature".[3] In 1850, George Copway Kah-Ge-Ga-Gah-Bowh, a Mississaugas Ojibwa writer and Methodist missionary, published [https://archive.org/details/traditionalhist00bookgoog The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of the Ojibway Nation], in which he cited the detailed description of the Pictured Rock by General Lewis Cass.[4]{{rp|24–7}} Around 1850, developers planned a tourist resort, Grand Island City, adjacent to the Pictured Rocks near the current site of Munising. After the lumbering era ended around 1910, much of the land making up the current National Lakeshore reverted to the state of Michigan for unpaid property taxes. Eager for federal help and recognition, the state cooperated with the federal government in the region's redevelopment. In October 1966, Congress passed a bill authorizing the establishment of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore "in order to preserve for the benefit, inspiration, education, recreational use, and enjoyment of the public, a significant portion of the diminishing shoreline of the United States and its related geographic and scientific features."[5] This was America's first National Lakeshore. On April 13, 2006, one of the named rock formations collapsed: the Inner Turret of Miner's Castle in the Munising Formation. The collapse was reported via cell phone by fisherman in the area, according to chief ranger Larry Hach. Miners Castle consists of crumbly cross-bedded sandstone poorly cemented by secondary quartz, according to Research Ecologist Walter Loope of the U.S. Geological Survey. Rockfalls along the cliffs typically occur in the spring and fall due to freezing-thawing action. On March 30, 2009, the Omnibus Public Land Management Act was signed into law, protecting {{convert|11740|acre|km2|1}} of Pictured Rocks as the Beaver Basin Wilderness.[6] Representation in other mediaIn 2010, singer Kid Rock filmed the video for his song "Born Free" at the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore.[7][8] In early 2014, Courtney Kotewa's snapshot of kayakers passing under a rock arch at the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore was chosen as the grand prize winner of 2013 Share the Experience photo contest, sponsored by the National Park Foundation. [9][10]Access and accessibilityMunising, on the western end of the lakeshore, is accessed by M-28 and M-94. Grand Marais, on the eastern end, is reached by M-77. Paved highways penetrate into the Lakeshore from both ends, connected by County Road H-58. Roads come close to the shoreline only near Miners Castle, 12 Mile Beach, and the Grand Sable Dunes. The rest of the shoreline is seen from land only by hiking. A 42-mile (67-km) section of the North Country Trail spans the lakeshore. A permit is needed for backcountry camping, which is allowed along many miles of the National Lakeshore.This means that dispersed camping is not allowed in the park. Many boat companies offer daily trips along the lakeshore from Memorial Day weekend through the fall season. Sea kayaking is another popular way to explore the park. While this may be the best way to see the natural formations, it is a strenuous trip in cold, dangerous water, not be undertaken lightly or without proper equipment. Guides are available. The most efficient port of entry for kayaks is from Miner's Beach or the harbor at Munising. In addition, pontoons can be cheaply rented locally. Winter sports activities include cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, snowmobiling, ice climbing, and ice fishing. The administrators of Pictured Rocks have worked to make much of its rugged environment wheelchair accessible.[11] Features include:
Points of interestFrom west (Munising) to east (Grand Marais):
WaterfallsPictured Rocks is the site of many of Michigan's waterfalls. Most of the waterfalls resulted from water running over cliffs of the Munising Formation. This lime and sandstone formation exists between Tahquamenon Falls, some {{convert|75|mi|km}} east, to Laughing Whitefish Falls, {{convert|30|mi|km}} west of the Lakeshore. Pets are not allowed on most of the trails.[12]
Grand Sable DunesThe Grand Sable Dunes, at the eastern end of the Lakeshore, are a perched dune formation. Sand washed ashore by wave action was then blown upslope by northerly prevailing winds until it came to rest atop a glacial moraine. The Grand Sable Dunes today form a five-mile-long sand slope that rises from Lake Superior at a 35° angle. The summits of the tallest dunes are as high as 275 feet (85 m) above lake level. Glacial melt during the last major advance/retreat called the Marquette Readvance created the conditions for the formation of the Grand Sable Banks. Dominant northwesterly winds eventually caused blowing sand to become perched on the banks.[14] Today, the Grand Sable Banks rise to heights of up to 300 ft. at a 35 degree angle from the shore of Lake Superior. The Grand Sable Dunes perched on top of these banks offers a desolate sandscape with jack pine forest near the edges.[15] In the late 19th century, loggers in the area built a wooden log slide from the top of the dunes at the Grand Sable Banks to Lake Superior below to facilitate the transportation of timber from the area.[16] The location is a popular spot to view the Grand Banks and climb on the dunes. Visitors may also take a trail from the Grand Sable Visitors Center near the eastern end of the dunes or stop along a section of the dunes that borders on Grand Sable Lake. Climate and weather{{Weather box|location = Grand Marais, Michigan |Jan high F = 25.3 |Feb high F = 27.4 |Mar high F = 36.4 |Apr high F = 49.2 |May high F = 62.1 |Jun high F = 70.4 |Jul high F = 75.9 |Aug high F = 74.8 |Sep high F = 67 |Oct high F = 55.8 |Nov high F = 41.5 |Dec high F = 29.7 |year high F = 51.3 |Jan low F = 11.2 |Feb low F = 10.6 |Mar low F = 17.9 |Apr low F = 29.3 |May low F = 37.9 |Jun low F = 45.7 |Jul low F = 51.9 |Aug low F = 52.8 |Sep low F = 47.1 |Oct low F = 38 |Nov low F = 28.2 |Dec low F = 17 |year low F = 32.3 |Jan rain inch = 2.3 |Feb rain inch = 1.4 |Mar rain inch = 1.6 |Apr rain inch = 1.6 |May rain inch = 2.5 |Jun rain inch = 2.9 |Jul rain inch = 2.5 |Aug rain inch = 3.2 |Sep rain inch = 3.6 |Oct rain inch = 3 |Nov rain inch = 2.6 |Dec rain inch = 2.5 |year rain inch = 29.8 |Jan snow inch = 47.3 |Feb snow inch = 30.7 |Mar snow inch = 16 |Apr snow inch = 4.8 |May snow inch = 0.3 |Jun snow inch = 0.0 |Jul snow inch = 0.0 |Aug snow inch = 0.0 |Sep snow inch = 0.0 |Oct snow inch = 0.9 |Nov snow inch = 12.6 |Dec snow inch = 41.7 |year snow inch = 154.2 |source 1 = [17] |date=August 2010 }} References1. ^{{cite web|last=Hach|first=Larry|title=Miners Castle Turret Collapses|url=http://www.nps.gov/piro/parknews/minerscastlecollapse.htm|publisher=Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore|accessdate=April 24, 2012|date=April 14, 2006}} 2. ^"Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan"; Park brochure, published Harpers Ferry, West Virginia; 2002 3. ^Schoolcraft, Henry R. (1821). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tjkVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA150 Narrative Journal of Travels through the Northwestern Regions of the United States], p. 150. E. & E. Hosford. 4. ^{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/traditionalhist00bookgoog |title=The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of the Ojibway Nation |date=1850 |access-date=February 17, 2018}} 5. ^The Pictured Rocks: An Administrative History of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (Table of Contents) 6. ^"Beaver Basin Wilderness", National Park Service; Accessed 9-28-2011. 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/piro/photosmultimedia/index.htm |title=Kid Rock "Born Free" Video at Pictured Rocks |publisher=National Park Service |date=November 2010 |accessdate=14 December 2011}} 8. ^{{cite web |title=MTV news article with link to video: Kid Rock Goes Majestic in Born Free Video |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651516/20101104/kid_rock.jhtml |publisher=MTV News |date=4 November 2010 |first1=Kyle |last1=Anderson |first2=Tim |last2=Kash |accessdate=14 December 2011}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://michiganradio.org/post/northern-michigan-be-featured-national-parks-pass |title=Northern Michigan To Be Featured On National Parks Pass | Michigan Radio |publisher=Michigan Radio and Interlochen Public Radio |date=May 2, 2014 |accessdate=4 May 2014}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=2013 Share The Experience Photo Contest | National Park Foundation |url=http://www.nationalparks.org/connect/2013-share-experience-photo-contest |publisher=National Park Foundation |date=2014 |accessdate=4 May 2014}} 11. ^1 Pictured Rocks Accessibility 12. ^Waterfalls 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Waterfalls site bulletin, Pictured Rocks NL, Munising, Michigan 14. ^Rapson, Samantha accessed March 25, 2011 15. ^Hunt's Guide to Michigan's Upper Peninsula accessed March 25, 2011 16. ^Moon Travel Guides. accessed March 25, 2011 17. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=913302| title = Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Grand Marais, Michigan| accessdate = June 5, 2009| publisher = }} Further reading
External links{{Commons category}}
10 : Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore|National Park Service areas in Michigan|Protected areas of Alger County, Michigan|Cliffs of the United States|Dunes of Michigan|Landforms of Alger County, Michigan|Cambrian Michigan|Landmarks in Michigan|Protected areas established in 1966|1966 establishments in Michigan |
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