“Channel Islands Harbor”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

and is a waterfront resort, recreation, and dining marketplace. Recreational activities include diving, boat charters, sea kayaking, sportfishing, and whale watching (gray whales January through early April; blue and humpback whales July to September).

The horse-shoe shaped harbor contains {{convert|166|acre|km2}} of water surrounded by {{convert|126|acre|km2}} of land^[5] and supports more than 2,500 vessels,^[6] four yacht clubs, and nine full-service marinas.^[6] The five Channel Islands are a popular destination, the closest of which is Anacapa Island.^[4] The Ventura County Maritime Museum has a regularly rotating exhibit, maritime-themed art, and model ships. Water taxis are available to drop diners and shoppers at various docks within the harbor.^[7] Every three years the harbor is host to the Channel Islands Tall Ships Festival which includes between two and five large sailing vessels and draws thousands of visitors.^[6]

History

While the County of Ventura arranged to oversee the harbor and manage it in 1963, they formed an agreement with the City of Oxnard to annex the then vacant county land and provided sewage service, water and utilities. The city built the infrastructure and under the agreement began to receive sales, property and lodging tax revenues.^[8] The US Army Corps of Engineers formed the harbor in 1960 by scooping out sand dunes and wetlands and depositing the surplus sand at the nearby beaches of Port Hueneme.^[9] The sand trap at the harbor entrance was designed to retain sand that otherwise might be diverted into the ocean due to the impacts of the construction of the Port of Hueneme.^[10] The sand was to be regularly dredged and placed on Hueneme Beach which suffers erosion due to the port blocking the littoral drift of sand.^[11]

After the annexation agreement between the county and city had expired, the city stopped keeping up the parks, parking lots and restrooms in public areas in 2018. They also were no longer going to pay the water bills for these facilities.^[12]

Neighborhood and destinations

The harbor waters connect to the north with Mandalay Bay, a residential 129-unit waterfront development built by a company called Shamrock/ Voss, a joint venture of Shamrock Holdings Inc. of Burbank and Voss Construction Co. Inc. of Oxnard in 1987.^[13] The development is arranged in six tracts of single-family homes and townhouses standing on reinforced concrete bulkheads along a series of short navigable canal-like waterways.^[14] Between 1950 and 1981 Mandalay Bay was a permitted oil field waste disposal site which caused the release of numerous hazardous chemicals.^[15] The records of what was dumped were subsequently lost, resulting in calls for an investigation and millions of dollars in lawsuits from home buyers who were told the area was safe for habitation.^[16]

References

1. ^Channel Islands Harbor Website "About Us/Harbor Information" Accessed 24 Dec 2013
2. ^Herron, William J.; Harris, Robert L. (1966) LITTORAL BYPASSING AND BEACH RESTORATION IN THE VICINITY OF PORT HUENEME CALIFORNIA Proceedings of 10th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
3. ^{{Cite book|title=Water resources development by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in California|last=United States Army Corps of Engineers, South Pacific Division|first=|authorlink=South Pacific Division|first2=|last2=|editorn-last=|editorn-first=|edition=|volume=|year=1973|origyear=|page=89|pages=|publisher=University of California Libraries|place=|url=|accessdate=|isbn=978-1-125-52499-2|oclc=}}
4. ^¹{{Cite book|title=Fodor's Southern California|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|editor1-last=Travis|editor1-first=William|edition=Second|volume=|year=2006|origyear=|page=385|pages=|publisher=Random House|place=New York|url=|accessdate=|isbn=978-1-4000-1603-7|oclc=}}
5. ^{{Cite web | last = Smith | first = Patricia | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Channel Islands Harbor Master Plan | work = | publisher = | year = 1998 | url = http://portal.countyofventura.org/portal/page/portal/harbor/harbor_reports/1998DraftHarborMasterPlan_0.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 1 May 2011}}
6. ^{{Cite book|title=Quick escapes Los Angeles: 20 weekend getaways from the metro area|last=Harris|first=Elanor|authorlink=|last2=Lichtig|first2=Claudia Harris|editorn-last=|editorn-first=|edition=7th|volume=|year=2006|origyear=|page=|pages=124|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|place=Guilford, CT|url=|accessdate=|isbn=978-0-7627-4219-6|oclc=}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jul/04/travel/tr-52777|title=Water Taxi! Water Taxi!|work=Los Angeles Times|date=July 4, 1999|first=Diana|last=Marcum}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/politics/2019/02/17/ventura-county-maintenance-cost-channel-islands-harbor/2851550002/|title=County stuck with $500K maintenance bill at Channel Islands Harbor|last=Wilson|first=Kathleen|date=February 17, 2019|website=Ventura County Star|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=18 February 2019}}
9. ^¹²{{Cite book|title=California's coastal parks: a day hiker's guide|last=McKinney|first=John|authorlink=|last2=|first2=|editorn-last=|editorn-first=|edition=1st|volume=|year=2005|origyear=|page=78|pages=|publisher=Wilderness press|place=Berkeley, CA|url=|accessdate=|isbn=0-89997-388-4|oclc=}}
10. ^Meyers, Jeff (November 1, 1990) "An Era of Sail Lies Anchored in Two Harbors : Boating: Ventura County shoreline took on greater appeal with construction of marinas in Ventura and Oxnard." Los Angeles Times
11. ^(September 8, 2014) "Dredging at Channel Islands Harbor will begin Oct. 1" Ventura County Star
12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/2019/03/03/oxnard-city-manager-ventura-county-channel-islands-harbor/2957735002/|title=New Oxnard city manager Alex Nguyen says county's comments on harbor wrong-headed|last=Wilson|first=Kathleen|date=March 3, 2019|newspaper=Ventura County Star|access-date=3 March 2019}}
13. ^Boyd-Barrett, Claudia (Jun 27, 2014) "Oxnard harbor-area residents push for central authority" Ventura County Star
14. ^{{Citation | last= | first= | author-link= | title=Oxnard Condo Development to Get Start | newspaper=The Los Angeles Times | publication-place=Los Angeles, California | volume= | issue= | date=29 March 1987 | page=Section 8 p.14 | url= }}
15. ^Public Meeting Fact Sheet (October 2005) "Cleanup Proposal for North Shore at Mandalay Bay Site—Oxnard, California" State of California Department of Toxic Substances Control. Retrieved 2 August 2014
16. ^{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-10/local/me-1999_1_mandalay-bay-area | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Patrick | last=McCartney | title=Flynn Calls for Mandalay Bay Investigation : Oxnard: At issue is whether all traces of a landfill and oil-waste dump were removed before the waterfront housing was built | date=10 November 1991}}
17. ^Biasotti, Tony (Apr 3, 2013) "Much-delayed Channel Islands Boating Center opens in Oxnard" Ventura County Star
18. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/local/county-balks-at-agreement-for-boating-center-saying-university-operator-has-fallen-short-37ed949f-70-387889902.html |title=County balks at agreement for boating center, saying university operator has fallen short |first=Kathleen |last=Wilson |newspaper=Ventura County Star |date= July 21, 2016|access-date=22 July 2016}}