1. Name

2. Origins

3. History
     Early rulers    Neighbouring rivalries    Imperial expansion    Decline    Claimed descendants  

4. List of rulers

5. Religion

6. References
    Bibliography 

7. External links

The Chaulukya dynasty ({{IAST3|Caulukya}}), also known as the Chalukyas of Gujarat, ruled parts of what are now Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India, between {{circa|940 CE}} and {{circa|1244 CE}}. Their capital was located at Anahilavada (modern Patan). At times, their rule extended to the Malwa region in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The medieval legends describe them as Agnivanshi Rajputs, and they are also known as the Solanki dynasty in the vernacular literature.

Mularaja, the founder of the dynasty, supplanted the last ruler of the Chapotkata dynasty (Chavda) around 940 CE. His successors fought several battles with the neighbouring rulers such as the Chudasamas, the Paramaras and the Chahamanas of Shakambhari. During the reign of Bhima I, the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud invaded the kingdom and raided the Somnath temple during 1024-1025 CE. The Chaulukyas soon recovered, and the kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of Jayasimha Siddharaja and Kumarapala in the 12th century. Several minor dynasties, such as the Chahamanas of Jalor and the Chahamanas of Naddula, served as Chaulukya vassals during this period. After Kumarapala's death, the kingdom was gradually weakened by internal rebellions; uprisings by feudatories; and invasions by the Paramaras, the Ghurids, the Yadavas and others. Taking advantage of this, the Vaghelas, who had earlier served as Chaulukya generals, usurped the power and established a new dynasty in the 1240s.

Several princely state rulers of the Solanki clan claimed descent from the Chaulukyas.

Name

The dynasty used the self-designation "Chaulukya" in all but four of its records.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}} The four exceptions are:{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=421}}

• "Chaulukika" in the Kadi grant of Mularaja
• "Saulkika" in a grant of Chamundaraja
• "Chaulakya" in the Sambhar inscription of Jayasimha
• "Chaullakya" in the Jalor inscription of Kumarapala

Hemachandra, a Jain scholar in the Chaulukya court, generally used the terms "Chaulukya" and "Chulukya".{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=421}} His Dvyasraya Mahakavya mentions the variants "Chulakya", "Chalukka", and "Chulukka"; his Kumarapala-Charita mentions another variant "Chuluga". The Chaulukya court poet Someshvara describes the dynasty as "Chaulukya" (in Kirti-Kaumudi) and "Chulukya" (in the Abu inscription of Vastupala and Tejapala).{{sfn|Jai Narayan Asopa|1976|p=43}}

"Solanki" or "Solankhi" is a vernacular form of the term.{{sfn|Jai Narayan Asopa|1976|p=42}}

Origins

The word "Chaulukya" is thought to be a variant of the word "Chalukya". Several other dynasties were known by the name "Chalukya", including the Chalukyas of Vatapi, Navasarika, Vemulavada, Kalyani, Vengi and Lata. These dynasties are sometimes thought to be branches of the same family, but the relationship between all of them is not certain. Unlike the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat never claimed a shared descent or any other association with the earliest Chalukya dynasty — the Chalukyas of Vatapi. Moreover, they never used the term "Chalukya" to describe themselves.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}}

However, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat shared a myth of origin with the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi. According to this legend, the progenitor of the dynasty was created by Brahma.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}} The version of the legend mentioned in the Vadnagar prashasti inscription of Kumarapala is as follows: the deities once asked the creator god Brahma to protect them from the danavas (demons). Brahma then created a hero from his chuluka (pot or folded palm), which was filled with Ganges water. This hero was named "Chulukya", and became the progenitor of the dynasty. A variation of this legend is mentioned by Abhayatilaka Gani in his commentary on Hemachandra's Dvyashraya-Kavya. According to this version, Brahma produced the hero to support the earth, after his other creations disappointed him. These stories are of no historical value, as it was customary for contemporary royal houses to claim mythical and heroic origins. The Kumarapala-Bhupala-Charita of Jayasimha Suri presents Chulukya as a historical warrior, whose capital was Madhupadma. Mularaja was his descendant, with nearly a hundred generations separating the two.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=6-7}} This account may be partly historical: Madhupadma has been identified variously as a location outside Gujarat, including present-day Mathura.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=22}}

C. V. Vaidya theorized that the Chaulukyas were different from the Chalukyas. G. H. Ojha opposed this theory, pointing out that an inscription of the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja describes his family as "Chalukya", while an inscription of his grandson Trilochanapala describes the family as "Chaulukya".{{sfn|Jai Narayan Asopa|1976|p=43}} According to Asoke Majumdar, while these similar-sounding names suggest a common origin for all these dynasties, there is no concrete evidence to draw any definitive conclusion.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=5}} Majumdar theorized that the Chaulukyas were connected to the Sulikas or the Chulikas, a tribe mentioned in several ancient records. This tribe is described as living on the northern frontier of ancient India. However, Majumdar admitted that there is not enough evidence to regard this theory as conclusive.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=13-17}}

In the later period, the Chaulukyas were categorized as one of the Rajput clans, although the Rajput identity did not exist during their time.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=33-35}} According to the Agnikula myth mentioned in a 16th-century recension of the legendary text Prithviraj Raso, four Rajput clans including the Chaulukyas were born from a fire-pit on Mount Abu. A section of colonial-era historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest that these clans were foreigners who came to India after the decline of the Gupta Empire around the 5th century CE, and were admitted in the Hindu caste system after performing a fire ritual.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=35}}{{sfn|N. Jayapalan|2001|p=146}} In addition, the Chaulukya rulers have been called "Gurjararāja" and "Gurjareśvara" ("ruler of Gurjara").{{sfn|Shanta Rani Sharma|2012|pp=7-8}} Based on this legend, D. R. Bhandarkar and others theorized that the Chaulukyas were a branch of Gurjaras, whom they believed to be a tribe of foreign origin.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=8}} Bhandarkar and Augustus Hoernle also believed that the name of the "Lata" region changed to "Gurjaratra" (later Gujarat) during the Chaulukya reign, presumably because they were Gurjaras.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=21}}

However, this foreign-origin theory is weakened by a number of factors. The Chaulukyas did not claim an Agnikula origin for themselves:{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=8-9}} it was the neighbouring Paramara rulers who used the legend to explain their own origin.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=4}} The inscriptions from the reign of Bhima II prove that the Chaulukyas knew about the Agnikula legend, but associated it with the Paramaras, not themselves.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=9}} The earliest copies of Prithviraj Raso do not mention this legend either.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=9}} The legend that includes the Chaulukyas among the fire-born clans is first mentioned by the 16th century poets, who may have extended the Paramara legend to include other dynasties, in order to foster Rajput unity against the Mughals.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=17-18}} Moreover, there is no evidence that the Chaulukya territory area came to be known as "Gurjaratra" during the Chaulukya reign.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=21}} "Gurjara" and "Lata" were two distinct historical regions in northern and southern parts of present-day Gujarat respectively, and the term "Lata" was never used to describe the whole of Gujarat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=12}} The Chaulukya kings were called "Gurjararāja" and "Gurjareśvara" because they ruled the territory which was already called Gurjara by their time.{{sfn|Shanta Rani Sharma|2012|pp=7-8}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=13}} Several other kings who held similar epithets had earlier ruled this territory: these include the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Gurjaras of Nandipuri.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=10-12}} Historian Asoke Kumar Majumdar points out that even the southern Ganga chief Marasimha II assumed the title "king of Gurjaras" after defeating a northern king on behalf of the Rashtrakutas.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=13}}

History

Early rulers

The Chaulukyas were one of the several dynasties that rose to power amid the decline of the Gurjara-Pratihara and the Rashtrakuta empires.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=1-4}} In the mid-tenth century CE, the dynasty's founder Mularaja supplanted Samantasimha, the last Chapotkata (Chavda) king.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=87}} According to legends, he was a nephew of Samantasimha.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=23-24}} According to the 12th century chronicler Hemachandra, Mularaja defeated Graharipu, the king of Saurashtra.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=25}} He also defeated the Lata Chalukya chief Barapa, aided by his son Chamundaraja.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=34}}

Chamundaraja succeeded Mularaja around 996 CE. During his reign, the Paramara king Sindhuraja appears to have invaded the Lata region, which was under Chaulukya suzerainty. Mularaja forced Sindhuraja to retreat; the 14th century chronicler Jayasimha Suri claims that Chamundaraja killed Sindhuraja in a battle, but this claim appears to be doubtful, as it does not appear in any earlier source.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=34-35}} Sometime before 1007 CE, the Lata region was captured by the Chalukyas of Kalyani led by Satyashraya.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=35}}

Around 1008 CE, Chamundaraja retired after appointing his son Vallabharaja as the next king. Legendary accounts state that he set out for a pilgrimage to Varanasi. During this journey, he was insulted by a ruler whose kingdom lay on the way to Varanasi. He returned to the Chaulukya capital, and asked his son to avenge his insult. Vallabharaja died of smallpox during a march to the enemy kingdom, which is identified as the Paramara kingdom of Malwa by some chroniclers.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=36-39}}

Chamundaraja's other son Durlabharaja became the next king in c. 1008 CE. He invaded the Lata region, and defeated the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja (or Kirtipala), who was a vassal of the Kalyani Chalukyas. However, Kirtiraja regained control of the region within a short time, before being defeated by the Paramara king Bhoja.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=136-137}}

Neighbouring rivalries

Durlabharaja was succeeded by his nephew Bhima I, who faced an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud during 1024-1025 CE. Bhima fled to Kanthkot, as Mahmud entered the Chaulukya territory unopposed and sacked the Somnath temple.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=43-45}} After Mahmud's departure, Bhima restored the Chaulukya rule. He crushed revolts by the Paramara chiefs of Arbuda, who used to serve as Chaulukya vassals.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=49-50}} Bhima also defeated and imprisoned Krishnadeva, a ruler of the Paramara branch of Bhinmal. He unsuccessfully fought against the Naddula Chahamana ruler Anahilla. Anahilla's sons Balaprasada and Jendraraja defeated Bhima and forced him to release Krishnadeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=50-51}} Later legendary accounts credit Bhima with a victory against Hammuka, a ruler of Sindh, although the accuracy of this claim is not certain.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=48-49}}

Semi-legendary accounts suggest that Bhima formed an alliance with the Kalachuri king Lakshmi-Karna, and the two played an important role in the downfall of the Paramara king Bhoja around 1055 CE. According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga, Bhoja and Lakshmi-Karna invaded Bhoja's kingdom of Malwa from two opposite directions, and Bhoja died of a disease during this invasion.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=52-53}} Some Chaulukya chroniclers boast that Bhima annexed Bhoja's capital Dhara or that he captured Bhoja alive, but these claims are not corroborated by historical evidence.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=184}} After Bhoja's death, a rivalry developed between the Bhima and Lakshmi-Karna over sharing the spoils of their victory.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=54-55}}

Bhima's son Karna succeeded him around 1064 CE. Bhoja's brother Udayaditya, supported by the Shakambhari Chahamana king Vigraharaja III, forced Karna to retreat from Malwa.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=127}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=57-58}} Meanwhile, the Kalachuris managed to capture the Lata region. By 1074 CE, Karna evicted the Kalachuris from Lata, and annexed the region to the Chaulukya kingdom, before losing it to one Trivikramapala within three years.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=59-60}}

The Naddula Chahamana ruler Prithvipala defeated Karna, and his successor Jojalladeva occupied the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka, possibly when Karna was busy at another place.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=60}} The Shakambhari Chahamana king Durlabharaja III also appears to have achieved some military success against Karna, although the Chahamana descriptions of this victory are highly exaggerated.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=125}} According to legendary chronicles, Karna also defeated Bhil and Koli tribals, who used to raid the Chaulukya territories. He established a city called Karnavati after defeating a Bhil chief named Asha (Āśā). Karnavati is identified with modern Ahmedabad by some, but this is not certain.{{sfn|Tommaso Bobbio|2015|p=164}}

Imperial expansion

Karna's son Jayasimha Siddharaja (r. c. 1092–1142 CE) greatly expanded the Chaulukya power. He defeated Khangara alias Navaghana, the Chudasama king of Saurashtra.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=69}} The Naddula Chahamana ruler Asharaja, who had been dethroned by his rival Ratnapala, became a vassal of Jayasimha sometime before 1143 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=70}}

Jayasimha defeated the Shakambhari Chahamana ruler Arnoraja.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=47}} Later, however, Jayasimha accepted Arnoraja as an ally, and the Chahamana ruler married Jayasimha's daughter Kanchanadevi.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=71}} The couple's son (and thus Jayasimha's grandson) Someshvara, was brought up at the Chaulukya court.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=156}} Someshvara's sons Prithviraja III (better known as Prithviraj Chauhan) and Hariraja were also born in Gujarat.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=69}}

During the 1135-1136 CE, Jayasimha annexed the Paramara kingdom of Malwa, with support from Asharaja and Arnoraja. The Paramara kings defeated by him were Naravarman and his successor Yashovarman.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=74-75}} Jayasimha continued his eastward march, and reached as far as the Chandela kingdom ruled by Madanavarman. The Chaulukya-Chandela conflict was inconclusive, with both the sides claiming victory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} Jayasimha also defeated several minor rulers, including Sindhuraja, who was probably a Soomra king of Sindh.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=80-81}}

Jayasimha was succeeded by his relative Kumarapala, who spent his early life in exile to avoid persecution by Jayasimha.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=92}} After Jayasimha's death, Kumarapala came back to the Chaulukya capital and ascended the throne in 1043 CE, with help of his brother-in-law Kanhadadeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=99-103}} Arnoraja opposed Kumarapala's ascension to the throne, but Kumarapala defeated him decisively.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=106-108}} Kumarapala seems to have helped Asharaja's son Katukaraja capture the throne of Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=253}} Katukaraja's younger brother and successor Alhanadeva continued to rule as Kumarapala's vassal.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=254}} Arnoraja's son Vigraharaja IV subdued Kumarapala's Chahamana feudatories at Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=149}} The Shakambhari Chahamana-Chaulukya relations seem to have become more cordial when Arnoraja's son (and Jayasimha's grandson) Someshvara became the Chahamana king in later years, possibly with support from Kumarapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=109}}

After Jayasimha's death, the Paramara king Jayavarman I regained control of Malwa, but he was soon dethroned by an usurper named Ballala. Kumarapala captured Malwa from Ballala, who was killed by Kumarapala's Arbuda Paramara feudatory Yashodhavala in a battle.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=112}} Kumarapala subdued a rebellion by his vassal Vikramasimha, a Paramara chief of Arbuda.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=109-110}} The Paramara branch at Kiradu continued to acknowledge Kumarapala's suzerainty.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=111}}

In the early 1160s, Kumarapala sent an army against Mallikarjuna, the Shilahara king of northern Konkana. This campaign was probably triggered by a Shilahara raid in southern Gujarat, and ended with Mallikarjuna's death.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=113-114}} Kumarapala's Naddula Chahamana feudatory Alhana put down disturbances in Saurashtra at Kumarapala's request.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=116}}

Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala's empire extended from Chittor and Jaisalmer in the north to the Vindhyas and the Tapti river in the south (ignoring his raid of the Shilahara kingdom of northern Konkana). In the west, it included Kachchha and Saurashtra; in the east, it extended up to at least Vidisha (Bhilsa).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=119}}

Kumarapala was succeeded by Ajayapala, who retained Kumarapala's territories, but died after a short reign.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=130-131}} Ajayapala's young sons Mularaja II and Bhima II succeeded him one after other. During this period, the Ghurid king Muhammad of Ghor invaded the Chaulukya kingdom in 1178 CE. In the ensuing battle at Kasahrada (or Kayadara), Muhammad was defeated by a large army, which included loyal Chaulukya feudatories such as the Naddula Chahamana ruler Kelhanadeva, the Jalor Chahamana ruler Kirtipala, and the Arbuda Paramara ruler Dharavarsha.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=138}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=259}}

Decline

Taking advantage of the young age of Bhima II, some provincial governors rebelled against him in order to establish independent states. His loyal Vaghela feudatory Arnoraja came to his rescue, and died fighting the rebels. Arnoraja's descendants Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala became powerful during Bhima's reign.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=139}}

During Bhima's reign, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala II seems to have raided the Lata region.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=140}} The Yadava ruler Bhillama V also invaded Gujarat, but was forced to retreat by Bhima's feudatory Kelhanadeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=140}} The Shakambhari Chahamana king Prithviraja III also fought with the Chaulukyas, but Bhima's general Jagaddeva managed to conclude a peace treaty with Prithviraja sometime before 1187 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=141}}

By the mid-1190s CE, the Ghurids defeated the Prithviraja and the other major Hindu kings of northern India. On 4 February 1197 CE, the Ghurid general Qutb al-Din Aibak invaded Bhima's capital Anahilapataka, and inflicted a massive defeat on the Chaulukyas.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=143}} Bhima's generals Lavanaprasada and Shridhara later forced the Ghurids to retreat, and the capital was back under the Chaulukya rule by 1201 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=145-146}}

Subhatavarman, the Paramara king of Malwa, invaded the Lata region around 1204 CE, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Ghurid invasions. He probably also sacked the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=146}} Once again, Lavanaprasada and Shridhara saved the kingdom by forcing Subhatavarman to retreat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=148}} During 1205-1210 CE, Bhima's relative Jayantasimha (or Jayasimha) usurped the throne. In the early 1210s, Subhatavarman's successor Arjunavarman defeated Jayantasimha, and later established a matrimonial alliance with him.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=148}} Bhima managed to regain control of the throne during 1223-1226 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=160-161}}

Meanwhile, the Yadavas invaded the southern part of the Chaulukya kingdom, led by Bhillama's successors Jaitugi and Simhana. During these invasions, the Chaulukya feudatories in the northern region of Marwar rebelled. Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala warded off the Yadava invasions, and also subdued the rebellions.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=149-155}} The Guhilas of Medapata (Guhilots of Mewar) also rebelled against Bhima sometime between 1207-1227 CE, and declared their independence.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=156}}

By the end of Bhima's reign, Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala assumed regal titles such as Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings") and Maharaja ("great king"). However, the two continued to nominally acknowledge Bhima (and his successor Tribhuvanapala) as their overlord. After Tribhuvanapala, they seized the throne, establishing the Vaghela dynasty.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=163-164}}

Claimed descendants

The Vaghela dynasty, which succeeded the Chaulukyas, claimed descent from a sister of Kumarapala.{{sfn|P.B. Udgaonkar|1986|p=215}}

Various princely state dynasties calling themselves Solanki (the vernacular form of Chaulukya) claimed descent from the Chaulukyas as well. These included the rulers of the Lunavada State, which was a tributatry to the Marathas before coming under the British rule.{{sfn|David P. Henige|2004|p=125}}

Several of the Bohra Walis and Da'i al-Mutlaqs claimed descent from Jayasimha Siddharaja.{{sfn|Jonah Blank|2001|p=38}} These included Syedna Ismail, the 34th Da'i al-Mutlaq.{{sfn|Jonah Blank|2001|p=44}}

List of rulers

The Chalukya rulers of Gujarat, with approximate dates of reign, are as follows:{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2008|p=236}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=199}}

• Mularaja ({{circa|940|995}})
• Chamundaraja ({{circa|996|1008}})
• Vallabharaja ({{circa|1008}})
• Durlabharaja ({{circa|1008|1022}})
• Bhima I ({{circa|1022|1064}})
• Karna ({{circa|1064|1092}})
• Jayasimha Siddharaja ({{circa|1092|1142}})
• Kumarapala ({{circa|1142|1171}})
• Ajayapala ({{circa|1171|1175}})
• Mularaja II ({{circa|1175|1178}})
• Bhima II ({{circa|1178|1240}})
• Tribhuvanapala ({{circa|1240|1244}})

Religion

Most of the dynasty's rulers were Shaivaite, although they also patronized Jainism.^[3] The dynasty's founder Mularaja is said to have built Mulavasatika temple for Digambara Jains and the Mulanatha-Jinadeva temple for the Svetambara Jains.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=87}} The earliest of the Dilwara Temples and the Modhera Sun Temple were constructed during the reign of Bhima I. According to popular tradition, his queen Udayamati also commissioned the Queen's step-well.{{sfn|Vinod Chandra Srivastava|2008|p=857}} Kumarapala started patronizing Jainism at some point in his life, and the subsequent Jain accounts portray him as the last great royal patron of Jainism.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=119}} The Chaulukya rulers also endowed mosques to maintain good relationship with the Muslim traders.{{sfn|Edward A. Alpers|2014|p=57}}

References

Bibliography

• {{cite book |author=A. K. Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |authorlink=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=David P. Henige |authorlink=David Henige |title=Princely States of India: A Guide to Chronology and Rulers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqDpAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Orchid |isbn=978-974-524-049-0 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA21 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9780836406450 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=Edward A. Alpers |title=The Indian Ocean in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press USA |isbn=978-0-19-533787-7 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=Ganga Prasad Yadava |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=Jai Narayan Asopa |title=Origin of the Rajputs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTxuAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Bharatiya |oclc=483180949 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |editor=John E. Cort |editor-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC |publisher=SUNY Press |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-7914-3785-8 |ref={{sfnref|John E. Cort|1998}}}}
• {{cite book |author=Jonah Blank |author-link=Jonah Blank |title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_FExBRnC3YC&pg=PA44 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-05676-0 |page=44 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |oclc=8931757 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=N. Jayapalan |title=History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tU1yDpYlu38C&pg=PA146 |year=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=P.B. Udgaonkar |title=Political Institutions & Administration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA215 |year=1986 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2087-6 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZZ8T8tZc4YC&pg=PA236 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780143064688 |year=2008 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |isbn=9788170170464 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite journal |author=Shanta Rani Sharma |title=Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |year=2012 |doi=10.1177/0376983612449525 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=Tommaso Bobbio |title=Urbanisation, Citizenship and Conflict in India: Ahmedabad 1900-2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-51400-8 |ref=harv }}
• {{cite book |author=Vinod Chandra Srivastava |title=History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjZVwYVmNcC&pg=PA857 |year=2008 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-8069-521-6 |page=857 |ref=harv }}

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