| 词条 | Pink triangle | |||||
| 释义 |
A pink triangle has been a symbol for various LGBTQ identities, initially intended as a badge of shame, but later reclaimed as a positive symbol of self-identity. In Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, it began as one of the Nazi concentration camp badges, distinguishing those imprisoned because they had been identified by authorities as homosexual men,[1] a category that also included bisexual men and transgender women.[1] In the 1970s, it was revived as a symbol of protest against homophobia, and has since been adopted by the larger LGBTQ community as a popular symbol of LGBTQ pride and the LGBTQ rights movement.[2][3] HistoryNazi prisoner identificationIn Nazi concentration camps, each prisoner was required to wear a downward-pointing, equilateral triangular cloth badge on their chest, the color of which identified the reason for their imprisonment.[4] Later, the use of a pink triangle was established for prisoners identified as homosexual men, which also included bisexual men and transgender women.[1] (Lesbian and bisexual women and trans men were not systematically imprisoned; some were, and classified as "asocial", wearing a black triangle.)[5][6] The pink triangle was also assigned to sexual offenders, such as rapists and pedophiles.[2] If a prisoner was also identified as Jewish, the triangle was superimposed over a yellow second triangle pointing the opposite way, to resemble the Star of David like the yellow badge identifying other Jews. Prisoners wearing a pink triangle were harshly treated, even by other prisoners.[2] While the number assigned a pink triangle in German concentration camps is hard to estimate, Richard Plant – author of The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals – gives a rough estimate of the number convicted for homosexuality "between 1933 to 1944 at between 50,000 and 63,000".[7] After the camps were liberated at the end of the Second World War, many of the prisoners imprisoned for homosexuality were re-incarcerated by the Allied-established Federal Republic of Germany.[4] An openly homosexual man named Heinz Dörmer, for instance, served 20 years total, first in a Nazi concentration camp and then in the jails of the new Republic.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} The Nazi amendments to Paragraph 175, which turned homosexuality from a minor offense into a felony, remaining intact in East Germany until 1968[8] and in West Germany until 1969.[9] West Germany continued to imprison those identified as homosexual until 1994 under a revised version of the Paragraph, which still made sexual relations between men up to the age of 21 – as well as male homosexual prostitution – illegal.[10] While lawsuits seeking monetary compensation have failed, in 2002 the German government issued an official apology to the LGBTQ community.[11] Rudolf Brazda, one of the last known homosexual concentration camp survivors, died on August 3, 2011 at the age of 98.[12]Gay rights symbolIn the 1970s, newly active European and North American gay liberation advocates began to use the pink triangle to raise awareness of its use in Nazi Germany.[13] In 1972, gay concentration camp survivor Heinz Heger's memoir Die Männer mit dem rosa Winkel (The Men with the Pink Triangle) brought it to greater public attention.[14] In response, the German gay liberation group Homosexuelle Aktion Westberlin issued a call in 1973 for gay men to wear it as a memorial to past victims and to protest continuing discrimination.[15][16] In the 1975 movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show, the bisexual, transvestite[17][18] character Dr. Frank N. Furter wears a pink triangle badge on one of his outfits.[19] In 1976, Peter Recht, Detlef Stoffel, and Christiane Schmerl made the German documentary Rosa Winkel? Das ist doch schon lange vorbei... (Pink Triangle? That was such a long time ago...).[15] Publications such as San Francisco's Gay Sunshine and Toronto's The Body Politic promoted the pink triangle as a memorial to those who had been persecuted.[15] In the 1980s, the pink triangle was increasingly used not just as a memorial but as a positive symbol of both self and community identity. It commonly represented both gay and lesbian identity, and was incorporated into the logos of such organizations and businesses. It was also used by individuals, sometimes discreetly or ambiguously as an "insider" code unfamiliar to the general public.[15] The logo for the 1987 March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights was a silhouette of the US Capitol Dome superimposed over a pink triangle.[16] Taking a more militant tone, the AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power (ACT UP) was formed by six gay activists in New York City in 1987, and to draw attention to the disease's disproportionate impact on gay and bisexual men, and the apparent role of "genocidal" homophobia in slowing progress on medical research,[20] adopted an upward-pointing pink triangle on a black field along with the slogan "SILENCE = DEATH" as its logo.[21][22][23] Some use the triangle in this orientation as a specific "reversal" of its usage by the Nazis.[24][25][26] The Pink Panthers Movement in Denver, Colorado adopted a pink triangle with clawed panther print logo, adapted from the original Pink Panthers Patrol in New York City.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} In the 1990s, a pink triangle enclosed in a green circle came to be commonly used as a symbol identifying "safe spaces" for LGBTQ people at work or in school.[27][28] The pink triangle served as the basis for the "biangles", a symbol of bisexual identity which consists of pink and blue triangles overlapping in a lavender or purple area. The pink and blue symbolize either homosexuality and heterosexuality, or female and male gender, reflecting bisexuals' attraction to both.[29][30] Monuments and memorialsThe symbol of the pink triangle has been included in numerous public monuments and memorials. In 1995, after a decade of campaigning for it, a pink triangle plaque was installed at the Dachau Memorial Museum to commemorate the suffering of gay men and lesbians.[31] In 2015 a pink triangle was incorporated into Chicago's Legacy Walk.[32] It is the basis of the design of the Homomonument in Amsterdam and the Gay and Lesbian Holocaust Memorial in Sydney. In San Francisco it inspired both the Pink Triangle Park in the Castro and the {{convert|1|acre|m2|adj=on}} Pink Triangle on Twin Peaks that is displayed every year during Pride weekend.[33] It is also the basis for LGBTQ memorials in Barcelona, Sitges, and Montevideo, and the burial component of the LGBTQ Pink Dolphin Monument in Galveston. Until 1985 there was an unofficial ban on placing pink triangle wreaths at the United Kingdom war memorial the Cenotaph, and such wreaths were removed as soon as they were found by officials.[34] See also{{portal|LGBT}}{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
References1. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://tgdor.org/holocaust.shtml|title=2008 Houston Transgender Day of Remembrance: Transgenders and Nazi Germany|last=Williams|first=Cristan|website=tgdor.org|access-date=2018-08-24}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web |last1=Shankar |first1=Louis |title=How the Pink Triangle Became a Symbol of Queer Resistance |url=https://hiskind.com/how-the-pink-triangle-became-a-symbol-of-queer-resistance/ |website=HISKIND |accessdate=August 22, 2018 |date=April 19, 2017}} 3. ^{{cite news |last1=Waxman |first1=Olivia B. |title=How the Nazi Regime's Pink Triangle Symbol Was Repurposed for LGBTQ Pride |url=http://time.com/5295476/gay-pride-pink-triangle-history/ |accessdate=August 22, 2018 |work=TIME |date=May 31, 2018 |language=en}} 4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://libapp.shadygrove.umd.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/the-era-of-the-holocaust/homosexual-prisoners|title=Homosexual Prisoners · The Era of the Holocaust ·|website=libapp.shadygrove.umd.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-27}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.makingqueerhistory.com/articles/2016/12/20/queer-women-and-afab-people-during-the-holocaust|title=Queer Women and AFAB People During the Holocaust|work=Making Queer History|access-date=2018-08-24|language=en-CA}} 6. ^{{cite web |title=Lesbians and the Third Reich |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lesbians-and-the-third-reich |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accessdate=24 August 2018 |language=en}} 7. ^1 {{Cite book | last=Plant | first=Richard | year=1988 | title=The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War against Homosexuals | edition=revised | publisher=H. Holt | isbn=978-0-8050-0600-1 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZKSbQbEzif8C | page=175 | postscript=. }} 8. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/documentary-explores-gay-and-lesbian-oppression-in-east-germany-a-883707.html |title=Documentary Explores Gay Life in East Germany |author=James Kirchik |date=February 13, 2013 |agency=Der Spiegel}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=Male Homosexuality in West Germany: Between Persecution and Freedom, 1945-69|pages=201–203|year=2012|author1=Clayton J. Whisnant|isbn=9780230355002}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=Bound and Unbound: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Genders and Sexualities|pages=141–142|year=2002|author1=Zowie Davy |author2=Julia Downes |author3=Lena Eckert |isbn=978-1443810852}} 11. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/world/germany/genews011.htm |title=Germany Offers Nazi-Era Pardons |author=Melissa Eddy |date=May 18, 2002 |agency=Associated Press}} 12. ^{{cite news |last1=Langer |first1=Emily |title=Rudolf Brazda dies; gay man who survived Nazi concentration camp was 98 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/rudolf-brazda-dies-gay-man-who-survived-nazi-concentration-camp-was-98/2011/08/05/gIQAUlb90I_story.html |accessdate=22 August 2018 |work=Washington Post |date=7 August 2011 |language=en}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lambda.org/symbols.htm |title=Symbols of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Movements |author= |date=2004 |website=lambda.org |publisher=Lambda GLBT Community Services |accessdate=2014-09-26}} 14. ^{{Cite journal |first=Erik |last=Jensen |title=The pink triangle and political consciousness: gays, lesbians, and the memory of Nazi persecution |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |year=2002 |volume=11 |issue=1 and 2 |pages=319–349 |doi=10.1353/sex.2002.0008 }} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/pink_triangle.html |title=Pink Triangle |last1=Gianoulis |first1=Tina |date=2004 |editor=Claude J. Summers |website= |publisher=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |accessdate=2014-09-26 |quote=In the early 1970s, gay rights organizations in Germany and the United States launched campaigns to reclaim the pink triangle. In 1973 the German gay liberation group Homosexuelle Aktion Westberlin (HAW) called upon gay men to wear the pink triangle as a memorial. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025220641/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/pink_triangle.html |archivedate=2014-10-25 |df= }} 16. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://nursingclio.org/2017/04/20/pink-triangle-legacies-holocaust-memory-and-international-gay-rights-activism/|title=Pink Triangle Legacies: Holocaust Memory and International Gay Rights Activism|date=2017-04-20|work=Nursing Clio|access-date=2018-08-27|language=en-US}} 17. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.southbendtribune.com/entertainment/inthebend/eventnews/sexuality-doo-wop-major-themes-in-the-rocky-horror-show/article_7962d936-9470-59db-9e50-02db2ccfddc5.html|title=Sexuality, doo-wop major themes in 'The Rocky Horror Show'|last=Tribune|first=Andrew S. Hughes South Bend|work=South Bend Tribune|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en}} 18. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.tor.com/2012/10/31/the-astonishingly-sensical-plot-of-the-rocky-horror-picture-show/|title=The Astonishingly Non-Nonsensical Plot of The Rocky Horror Picture Show|date=2012-10-31|work=Tor.com|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en-US}} 19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/thinking-about-queer-art-performance/rated-r-for-resistance-c6e21611a0fa|title=Rated "R" for Resistance|last=Nash|first=Tara|date=2017-11-30|website=Queerer Things|access-date=2018-08-24}} 20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sember|first=Robert|last2=Gere|first2=David|date=June 2006|title='Let the Record Show…': Art Activism and the AIDS Epidemic|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=96|issue=6|pages=967–969|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2006.089219|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1470625|pmid=16670207}} 21. ^Feldman, Douglas A. and Judith Wang Miller (1998). The AIDS Crisis: A Documentary History. Greenwood Publishing Group. {{ISBN|0-313-28715-5}}. p. 176 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.actupny.org/reports/silencedeath.html|title=SILENCE = DEATH|website=www.actupny.org}} 23. ^{{Cite news|url=https://hiskind.com/how-the-pink-triangle-became-a-symbol-of-queer-resistance/|title=How the Pink Triangle Became a Symbol of Queer Resistance|date=2017-04-19|work=HISKIND Magazine|access-date=2018-08-27|language=en-GB}} 24. ^"San Francisco Neighborhoods: The Castro" KQED documentary. 25. ^{{cite web|title=This week in history: Recognizing the history of the pink triangle|url=https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/this-week-in-history-recognizing-the-history-of-the-pink-triangle/|website=People's World|publisher=PeoplesWorld.org|accessdate=27 April 2018|date=2017-06-20}} 26. ^{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1300/J082v30n03_01|pmid = 8743114|title = Triangles and Tribulations|journal = Journal of Homosexuality|volume = 30|issue = 3|pages = 1–11|year = 1996|last1 = Elman|first1 = R. Amy}} 27. ^{{Cite web|url=https://equal.org/safe-space-program/|title=Safe Space – EQUAL!|website=equal.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-24}} 28. ^{{cite book|last=Raeburn|first=Nicole C.|title=Changing Corporate America from Inside Out: Lesbian and Gay Workplace Rights|date=2004|page=209|isbn=978-0-8166-3999-1}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.algbtical.org/2A%20SYMBOLS.htm|title=ALGBTICAL|website=www.algbtical.org|access-date=2018-08-24}} 30. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.qrd.org/qrd/www/orgs/avproject/symbols.htm|title=Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, & Transgender Symbols|last=Services|first=LAMBDA GLBT Community|website=www.qrd.org|access-date=2018-08-24}} 31. ^{{cite news|last=Brocklebank|first=Christopher|title=New memorial to gay holocaust victims to be built in Munich|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/05/31/new-memorial-to-gay-holocaust-victims-to-be-built-in-munich/|accessdate=1 June 2011|newspaper=Pink News|date=31 May 2011}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/m/APPredirect.php?AID=53131|title=Legacy Walk unveils five new bronze memorial plaques - 2342 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News - Windy City Times|publisher=}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thepinktriangle.com/ |title=The Pink Triangle, displayed annually on Twin Peaks in San Francisco during Pride weekend |publisher=Thepinktriangle.com |date=2012-06-14 |accessdate=2013-02-12}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=https://uk.lush.com/article/qa-peter-tatchell|title=Q&A: Peter Tatchell|website=Lush Fresh Handmade Cosmetics}} Further reading
|title=Men With the Pink Triangle: The True, Life-And-Death Story of Homosexuals in the Nazi Death Camps|author=Heinz Heger|year=1994}} External links{{commons category|Pink triangles}}
5 : Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany|LGBT symbols|Terminology of Nazi concentration camps|Pink symbols|Triangles |
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