| 词条 | Pinus lambertiana |
| 释义 |
| name = Sugar pine | image = Sugar Pine.jpg | image_caption = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = | display_parents = 3 | genus = Pinus | parent = Pinus subsect. Strobus | species = lambertiana | authority = Douglas | range_map = Pinus lambertiana range map 1.png | range_map_caption = Natural range of Pinus lambertiana }} Pinus lambertiana (commonly known as the sugar pine or sugar cone pine) is the tallest and most massive pine tree, and has the longest cones of any conifer. The species name lambertiana was given by the British botanist David Douglas, who named the tree in honour of the English botanist, Aylmer Bourke Lambert. It is native to the mountains of the Pacific coast of North America, from Oregon through California to Baja California. DescriptionGrowthThe sugar pine is the tallest and largest Pinus species, commonly growing to {{convert|40|–|60|m|ft|round=5|sp=us}} tall, exceptionally to {{cvt|82|m|ft}} tall, with a trunk diameter of {{cvt|1.5|-|2.5|m|ftin}}, exceptionally {{cvt|3.5|m|ftin}}. The tallest recorded specimen is {{convert|83.45|m|ftin}} tall, is located in Yosemite National Park, and was discovered in 2015. The second tallest recorded was "Yosemite Giant", an {{cvt|82.05|m|ftin}} tall specimen in Yosemite National Park, which died from a bark beetle attack in 2007. The tallest, known, living specimens today grow in southern Oregon and Yosemite National Park: one in Umpqua National Forest is {{cvt|77.7|m|ftin}} tall and another in Siskiyou National Forest is {{cvt|77.2|m|ftin}} tall. Yosemite National Park also has the third tallest, measured to {{cvt|80.5|m|ftin}} tall as of June 2013; the Rim Fire affected this specimen, but it survived. Pinus lambertiana is a member of the white pine group (Pinus subgenus Strobus) and, like all members of that group, the leaves ("needles") grow in fascicles ("bundles") of five, with a deciduous sheath. They are {{cvt|5|–|11|cm|in|frac=4}} long.[1] Sugar pine is notable for having the longest cones of any conifer, mostly {{cvt|25|–|50|cm|in|frac=4}} long,[2] exceptionally to {{cvt|66|cm|in|frac=4}} long,{{citation needed |date=July 2018}} although the cones of the Coulter pine are more massive. The seeds are {{cvt|1|–|2|cm|in|frac=4}} long, with a {{convert|2|–|3|cm|in|frac=4|adj=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} long wing[2] that aids their dispersal by wind. According to David Douglas, the seeds were eaten by Native Americans.[3]DistributionThe sugar pine occurs in the mountains of Oregon and California in the western United States, and Baja California in northwestern Mexico; specifically the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and Sierra San Pedro Martir. White pine blister rustThe sugar pine has been severely affected by the white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola),[4] a fungus that was accidentally introduced from Europe in 1909. A high proportion of sugar pines has been killed by the blister rust, particularly in the northern part of the species' range that has experienced the rust for a longer period of time. The rust has also destroyed much of the Western white pine and whitebark pine throughout their ranges.[5] The U.S. Forest Service has a program (see link below) for developing rust-resistant sugar pine and western white pine. Seedlings of these trees have been introduced into the wild. The Sugar Pine Foundation in the Lake Tahoe Basin has been successful in finding resistant sugar pine seed trees and has demonstrated that it is important for the public to assist the U.S. Forest Service in restoring this species. However, blister rust is much less common in California, and sugar, Western white and whitebark pines still survive in great numbers there.[6]{{clear|left}} EtymologyNaturalist John Muir considered sugar pine to be the "king of the conifers". The common name comes from the sweet resin, which Native Americans used as a sweetener.[7] John Muir found it preferable to maple sugar.[8] It is also known as the great sugar pine. The scientific name was assigned by David Douglas in honor of Aylmer Bourke Lambert. FolkloreIn the Achomawi creation myth, Annikadel, the creator, makes one of the 'First People' by intentionally dropping a sugar pine seed in a place where it can grow. One of the descendants in this ancestry is Sugarpine-Cone man, who has a handsome son named Ahsoballache.[9] After Ahsoballache marries the daughter of To'kis the Chipmunk-woman, his grandfather insists that the new couple have a child. To this end, the grandfather breaks open a scale from a sugar pine cone, and secretly instructs Ahsoballache to immerse the scale's contents in spring water, then hide them inside a covered basket. Ahsoballache performs the tasks that night; at the next dawn, he and his wife discover the infant Edechewe near their bed.[9] The Washo language has a word for sugar pine, {{lang|was|simt'á:gɨm}}, and also a word for "sugar pine sugar", {{lang|was|nanómba}}. References1. ^{{Jepson eFlora|38280|Pinus lambertiana}} 2. ^1 {{eFloras|1|233500939|Pinus lambertiana |family=Pinaceae |first=Robert |last=Kral}} 3. ^{{Gymnosperm Database |family=Pinaceae |genus=Pinus |species=lambertiana}} 4. ^{{cite book |author1=Moore, Gerry |author2=Kershner, Bruce |author3=Craig Tufts |author4=Daniel Mathews |author5=Gil Nelson |author6=Spellenberg, Richard |author7=Thieret, John W. |author8=Terry Purinton |author9=Block, Andrew |title=National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America |publisher=Sterling |location=New York |year=2008 |page=79 |isbn=1-4027-3875-7}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.caforestpestcouncil.org/2005%20CFPC%20Meeting/1506%20Maloney_Dunlap%2005BR%20Survey.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-02-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009055647/http://www.caforestpestcouncil.org/2005%20CFPC%20Meeting/1506%20Maloney_Dunlap%2005BR%20Survey.pdf |archivedate=2006-10-09 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sugarpinefoundation.org|title=Sugar Pine Foundation|website=Sugarpinefoundation.org|accessdate=18 June 2017}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/sugar_pine/#.VZr15PmqpBc|title=Sugar pine|website=Oregonencyclopedia.org|accessdate=18 June 2017}} 8. ^{{cite book |title=Edible and Useful Wild Plants of the United States and Canada |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4IwrWyK7OmQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Edible+and+Useful+Wild+Plants+of+the+United+States+and+Canada |last=Saunders |first=Charles Francis |year=1976 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-23310-3 |page=219 }} 9. ^1 {{cite book |title=Annikadel: The History of the Universe as Told by the Achumawi Indians of California |last=Woiche |first=Istet |editor1-last=Merriam |editor1-first=Clinton Hart |editor1-link=Clinton Hart Merriam |year=1992 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |location=Tucson |isbn=978-0-8165-1283-6 |oclc=631716557 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}} Further reading
External links{{Commons}}
12 : Pinus|Trees of the West Coast of the United States|Trees of the Southwestern United States|Trees of the Northwestern United States|Trees of Baja California|Flora of California|Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Natural history of the California Coast Ranges|Natural history of the Transverse Ranges|Edible nuts and seeds|Plants used in traditional Native American medicine|Least concern flora of the United States |
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