| 词条 | Pinus monophylla |
| 释义 |
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Single-leaf_pinyon_2.jpg | image_caption = Single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla subsp. monophylla) leaves and immature cones | parent = Pinus subsect. Cembroides | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Pinus monophylla | authority = Torr. & Frém. | range_map = Pinus monophylla range map 3.png | range_map_caption = Natural range: green - Pinus monophylla subsp. monophylla blue - Pinus monophylla subsp. californiarum red - Pinus monophylla subsp. fallax }} Pinus monophylla, the single-leaf pinyon, (alternatively spelled piñon) is a pine in the pinyon pine group, native to the United States and northwest Mexico. The range is in southernmost Idaho, western Utah, Arizona, southwest New Mexico, Nevada, eastern and southern California and northern Baja California. It occurs at moderate altitudes from {{convert|1200|to|2300|m|ft|abbr=on}}, rarely as low as {{convert|950|m|ft|abbr=on}} and as high as {{convert|2900|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It is widespread and often abundant in this region, forming extensive open woodlands, often mixed with junipers in the Pinyon-juniper woodland plant community. Single-leaf Pinyon is the world's only 1-needled pine.[2] DescriptionSpeciesPinus monophylla is a small to medium size tree, reaching {{cvt|10|-|20|m|ft}} tall and with a trunk diameter of up to {{cvt|80|cm|in|frac=4}} rarely more. The bark is irregularly furrowed and scaly. The leaves ('needles') are, uniquely for a pine, usually single (not two or more in a fascicle, though trees with needles in pairs are found occasionally), stout, {{cvt|4|-|6|cm|in|frac=4}} long, and grey-green to strongly glaucous blue-green, with stomata over the whole needle surface (and on both inner and outer surfaces of paired needles). The cones are acute-globose, the largest of the true pinyons, {{cvt|4.5|-|8|cm|in|frac=8}} long and broad when closed, green at first, ripening yellow-buff when 18–20 months old, with only a small number of very thick scales, typically 8-20 fertile scales. The cones thus grow over a two-year (26-month) cycle, so that newer green and older, seed-bearing or open brown cones are on the tree at the same time (see image at left). The seed cones open to {{cvt|6|-|9|cm|in|frac=4}} broad when mature, holding the seeds on the scales after opening. The seeds are {{cvt|11|-|16|mm|in|frac=16}} long, with a thin shell, a white endosperm, and a vestigial {{cvt|1|-|2|mm|in|frac=32}} wing. Empty pine nuts with undeveloped seeds (self-pollinated) are a light tan color, while the "good" ones are dark brown.[3] The pine nuts are dispersed by the pinyon jay, which plucks the seeds out of the open cones, choosing only the dark ones and leaving the light ones (as in image at right). The jay, which uses the seeds as a food resource, stores many of the seeds for later use by burying them. Some of these stored seeds are not used and are able to grow into new trees. Indeed, Pinyon seeds will rarely germinate in the wild unless they are cached by jays or other animals. Subspecies and geneticsThere are three subspecies:
It is most closely related to the Colorado pinyon, which hybridises with it (both subsps. monophylla and fallax) occasionally where their ranges meet in western Arizona and Utah. It also (subsp. californiarum) hybridises extensively with Parry pinyon. This classification of pinyon species based only upon the presence of single-needle fascicles is brought into doubt by the reporting of trees from both the Pinus monophylla/Pinus edulis and the Pinus monophylla subsp. fallax/Pinus edulis zones as growing more single needle fascicles after dry years and more two-needled fascicles after wet years.[4] Mojave National PreserveAn isolated population of single-leaf pinyon trees in the Mojave Desert's New York Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve of southeast California, has needles mostly in pairs and was previously thought to be Colorado pinyons. They have recently been shown to be a two-needled variant of single-leaf pinyon from chemical and genetic evidence. Occasional two-needled pinyons in northern Baja California are hybrids between single-leaf pinyon and Parry pinyon. Prehistoric occurrencePinus monophylla has been studied with regard to prehistoric occurrence based upon fossil needles found in packrat middens and fossil pollen records.[5] All three of these sub-types of single-needled pinyon have maintained distinctive ranges over the last 40,000 years, although the northerly species (Pinus monophylla) expanded greatly throughout Utah and Nevada since the end of the Pleistocene, 11,700 years ago. The southern California variety has been found to occur within Joshua Tree National Park throughout the last 47,000 years [6]Uses and symbolismThe edible seeds, pine nuts, are collected throughout its range; in many areas, the seed harvest rights are owned by Native American tribes, for whom the species is of immense cultural and economic importance. Individuals may harvest the seed for personal use on BLM and Forest Service land.[7] Single-leaf pinyon is also cultivated as an ornamental tree for native plant, drought tolerant, and wildlife gardens, and for natural landscaping. It is used regionally as a Christmas tree. It is rarely seen in nurseries, because it is difficult to germinate. In 1959, it was designated Nevada's state tree, later to be joined by the Great Basin Bristlecone Pine.[8] Its discovery is attributed to American politician and explorer John C. Frémont. DeforestationDuring the mid-nineteenth century, many pinyon groves were cut down to make charcoal for ore-processing, destroying the traditional lifestyle of the Native Americans who depended on them for food. When the railroads penetrated these areas, imported coal supplanted locally produced charcoal. Following the resulting re-establishment of pinyon woodlands after the charcoal era, many cattle ranchers became concerned that these woodlands provided decreased livestock forage in grazing rangeland. Efforts to clear these woodlands, with deforestation often using a surplus battleship chain dragged between two bulldozers, peaked in the 1950s, but were subsequently abandoned when no long term forage increase resulted. The habitat destruction of large areas of Pinyon woodlands in the interests of mining and cattle ranching is seen by many as an act of major ecological and cultural vandalism.[3] See also
References1. ^{{Cite journal | author = Farjon, A. | title = Pinus monophylla | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2013 | page = e.T42381A2976514 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2013 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42381/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42381A2976514.en | access-date = 15 January 2018}} 2. ^Gerry Moore et al. 2008 3. ^1 Ronald M. Lanner 1981 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Tausch|first1=R.J.|last2=West|first2=N.E.|editor=Everett, R.L.|title=Proceedings of the Pinyon-Juniper Conference, January 13–16, 1986, Reno, NV, General Technical Report INT-215.|date=1986|publisher=USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT|pages=86–91}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Cole|first1=Ken|last2=Fisher|first2=Jessica|last3=Ironside|first3=Kirsten|last4=Mead|first4=Jim|last5=Koehler|first5=Peter|title=The biogeographic histories of Pinus edulis and Pinus monophylla over the last 50,000 years|journal=Quaternary International|date=2013|volume=310|pages=96–110|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2012.04.037}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Holmgren|first1=Camille|last2=Betancourt|first2=Julio|last3=Rylander|first3=Kate|title=A long-term vegetation history of the Mojave– Colorado Desert ecotone at Joshua Tree National Park|journal=Journal of Quaternary Science|date=2010|volume=25|issue=2|pages=222–226|doi=10.1002/jqs.1313}} 7. ^Liston Pine Nuts “What is the Nevada soft shell pine nut” (retrieved 27 November 2014) 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://leg.state.nv.us/general/nvfacts/index.cfm|title=Nevada Facts and State Emblems|publisher=State of Nevada|accessdate=2016-02-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327054558/http://www.leg.state.nv.us/General/NVFacts/index.cfm|archivedate=2014-03-27|df=}} Sources
Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Pinus monophylla}}
27 : Pinus|Edible nuts and seeds|Trees of the Southwestern United States|Trees of the Northwestern United States|Trees of the South-Central United States|Trees of Baja California|Trees of the Great Basin|North American desert flora|Flora of the California desert regions|Flora of Baja California|Flora of Arizona|Flora of California|Flora of Nevada|Flora of Utah|Flora of Idaho|Flora of New Mexico|Flora of the Western United States|Flora of the Southwestern United States|Mojave National Preserve|Natural history of the Mojave Desert|Plants used in Native American cuisine|Taxa named by John Torrey|Taxa named by John C. Frémont|Least concern flora of the United States|Garden plants of North America|Ornamental trees|Drought-tolerant plants |
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