| 词条 | Pioneer 0 | ||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Thor-Able I | image = Pioneer able.png | image_caption = | mission_type = Lunar orbiter[1][2] | operator = U.S. Air Force[1][2] | mission_duration = 73.6 seconds[3] Failed to orbit | suborbital_apogee = {{convert|16|km|mi|sp=us}}[2] | spacecraft_type = | manufacturer = TRW Space Technology Laboratories[1][2] | COSPAR_ID = ABLE1 | dry_mass = | launch_mass = {{convert|83.8|lb}}[4] | power = | instruments = Television camera, magnetometer, micrometeoroid impact detector[4] | launch_date = {{start-date|August 17, 1958, 12:18|timezone=yes}} UTC[1][2] | launch_rocket = Thor DM-18 Able I[1][2] | launch_site = Cape Canaveral LC-17A[2] | launch_contractor = | programme = Pioneer | previous_mission = None | next_mission = Pioneer 1 }}
Pioneer 0 (also known as Thor-Able 1) was a failed United States space probe that was designed to go into orbit around the Moon, carrying a television camera, a micrometeorite detector and a magnetometer, as part of the first International Geophysical Year (IGY) science payload. It was designed by the United States Air Force (USAF) as the first satellite in the Pioneer program and was one of the first attempted launches beyond Earth orbit by any country, but the rocket failed shortly after launch. The probe was intended to be called Pioneer (or Pioneer 1), but the launch failure precluded that name. Spacecraft designThe spacecraft consisted of a thin cylindrical midsection with a squat truncated cone frustum of {{convert|6.5|in|cm}} high on each side.[3] The cylinder was {{convert|29|in|cm}} in diameter[3] and the height from the top of one cone to the top of the opposite cone was 76 cm. Along the axis of the spacecraft and protruding from the end of the lower cone was an {{convert|11|kg}} solid propellant injection rocket and rocket case, which formed the main structural member of the spacecraft. Eight small low-thrust solid propellant velocity adjustment rockets were mounted on the end of the upper cone in a ring assembly which could be jettisoned after use. A magnetic dipole antenna also protruded from the top of the upper cone. The shell was composed of laminated plastic and was painted with a pattern of dark and light stripes to help regulate temperature. The scientific instrument package had a mass of {{convert|11.3|kg}} and consisted of:
The spacecraft was powered by nickel-cadmium batteries for ignition of the rockets, silver cell batteries for the television system, and mercury batteries for the remaining circuits. Radio transmission was on 108.06 MHz, a standard frequency used by satellites in the International Geophysical Year,[5] through an electric dipole antenna for telemetry and doppler information and a magnetic dipole antenna for the television system. Ground commands were received through the electric dipole antenna at 115 MHz. The spacecraft was to be spin-stabilized at 1.8 revolutions per second, the spin direction approximately perpendicular to the geomagnetic meridian planes of the trajectory. Launch and failurePioneer 0 was launched on Thor missile number 127 at 12:18:00 UTC on August 17, 1958 by the United States Air Force, only 4 minutes after the scheduled launch time.[3] It was destroyed by an explosion of the first stage of the Thor booster, 73.6 seconds after lift-off[3] at {{convert|16|km}} altitude, 16 km downrange over the Atlantic Ocean. The failure was suspected to be due to a turbopump bearing that came loose, causing the liquid oxygen pump to stop. The abrupt loss of thrust caused the Thor to lose attitude control and pitch downward, which caused the LOX tank to rupture from aerodynamic loads and resulting in complete destruction of the launch vehicle.[3] Erratic telemetry signals were received from the payload and upper stages for 123 seconds after the explosion, and the upper stages were tracked to impact in the ocean. The original plan was for the spacecraft to travel for 2.6 days to the Moon at which time a TX-8-6 solid propellant motor would fire to put it into a {{convert|29000|km}} lunar orbit which was to nominally last for about two weeks. Air Force officials stated that they were not surprised at the failure, adding that "it would have been more of a shock had the mission succeeded". It was the only mission in the Pioneer program carried out by the United States Air Force, as subsequent missions were conducted by NASA.[1] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | url = http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pioneer0QL.html | title = Pioneer 0, 1, 2 | work = Mission and Spacecraft Library | publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA | accessdate = 2009-02-17 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090131181021/http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/pioneer0QL.html | archivedate = 2009-01-31 | df = }} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web | url = http://www.astronautix.com/craft/pioer012.htm | title = Pioneer 0-1-2 | year = 2008 | last = Wade | first = Mark | publisher = Encyclopedia Astronautica | accessdate = 2009-02-17 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081015182519/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/pioer012.htm | archivedate = 2008-10-15 | df = }} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite paper | title = 1958 NASA/USAF Space Probes (ABLE-1) Final Report: Volume 1. Summary | date = 1959-02-18 | publisher = Space Technology Laboratories | url = http://www.sdfo.org/stl/1958%20NASA%20USAF%20Space%20Probes%20%28ABLE-1%29%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2009-02-17}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite paper | title = 1958 NASA/USAF Space Probe (ABLE-1) Final Report: Volume 2. Payload and Experiments | date = 1959-02-18 | publisher = Space Technology Laboratories | url = http://www.sdfo.org/stl/1958%20NASA%20USAF%20Space%20Probes%20%28ABLE-1%29%20FINAL%20REPORT%20Volume%2002.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2009-02-17 }} 5. ^{{cite news | title = Pioneering Space | last = Marcus | first = Gideon | date = 2007-02-14 | publisher = Quest | pages = 52–59 | url = http://www.sdfo.org/stl/Pioneer%20Part%20II.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2009-02-17}} External links{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
3 : Pioneer program|Spacecraft launched in 1958|Destroyed spacecraft |
||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。