“Pipe bomb”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A pipe bomb is an improvised explosive device, which uses a tightly sealed section of pipe filled with an explosive material. The containment provided by the pipe means that simple low explosives can be used to produce a relatively large explosion due to the containment causing increased pressure, and the fragmentation of the pipe itself creates potentially lethal shrapnel.

Premature detonation is a hazard of attempting to construct any homemade bomb, and the materials and methods used with pipe bombs make unintentional detonation incidents common, usually resulting in serious injury or death to the assembler.

In many countries the manufacture or possession of a pipe bomb is a serious crime, regardless of its intended use.

Design

The bomb is usually a short section of steel water pipe containing the explosive mixture and closed at both ends with steel or brass caps. A fuse is inserted into the pipe with a lead running out through a hole in the side or capped end of the pipe. The fuse can be electric, with wires leading to a timer and battery, or can be a common fuse. All of the components are easily obtainable.

Generally, high explosives such as TNT are not used, because these and the detonators that they require are difficult for non-legitimate users to obtain. Such explosives also do not require the containment of a pipe bomb.

Instead, any sort of explosive mixture the builder can find or make is used. Some of the explosive mixtures used, such as gunpowder, match heads, or chlorate mixtures, are very prone to ignition by the friction and static electricity generated when packing the material inside the tube or attaching the end caps, causing many injuries or deaths amongst builders.^[1] Sharp objects such as nails or broken glass are sometimes added to the outer shell, or inside of, the bomb to increase harm and damage.

Operation

Pipe bombs concentrate pressure and release it suddenly, through the failure of the outer casing. Plastic materials can be used, but metals typically have a much higher bursting strength and so will produce more concussive force. For example, common schedule 40 {{convert|1|in|adj=on}} wrought steel pipe has a typical working pressure of {{convert|1010|psi|MPa|abbr=on}}, and bursting pressure of {{convert|8090|psi|MPa|abbr=on}},^[2] though the pipe sealing method can significantly reduce the burst pressure.

The pipe can rupture in different ways, depending on the rate of pressure rise and the ductility of the casing material.

Modes of failure

Pipe bombs can fail to explode if the gas pressure buildup is too slow, resulting in bleed-out through the detonator ignition hole. Insufficiently tight threading can also bleed gas pressure through the threads faster than the chemical reaction pressure can rise.

They can also fail if the pipe is fully sealed and the chemical reaction triggered, but the total pressure buildup from the chemicals is insufficient to exceed the casing strength; such a bomb is a dud, but still potentially dangerous if handled, since an external shock could trigger rupture of the statically pressurized casing.

Minimum evacuation distances

If any type of bomb is suspected, typical recommendations are to keep all people at a minimum evacuation distance until authorized bomb disposal personnel arrive. For a pipe bomb, the US Department of Homeland Security recommends a minimum of {{convert|21|m|abbr=on}}, and preferred distance of {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}}.^[3]

Uses

Pipe bombs are by nature improvised weapons and typically used by those without access to military devices such as grenades. They were successfully used in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). During World War II, members of the British Home Guard were trained to make and use them.^[4]

In Northern Ireland, there have been hundreds of pipe bomb attacks since the mid-1990s (towards the end of the "Troubles"). Most of the attacks have been launched by loyalist paramilitaries opposed to the 1994 ceasefires, especially the Red Hand Defenders (RHD) and Orange Volunteers (OV). However, they have also been used by Irish republican paramilitaries and by anti-drugs vigilante group Republican Action Against Drugs (RAAD). They are also used extensively in the south of Ireland by feuding criminals, including drug dealers, mainly in the capital city of Dublin.

As well as users such as criminals, paramilitaries, and militias, they also have a long tradition of recreational use for amusement or mischief with no intention to cause injury to anyone, but due to the dangers of premature ignition and of shrapnel, pipe bombs are much more dangerous than alternatives such as dry ice bombs or spud guns.

Notable incidents

References

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Dias|last2=Dingeman|first1=Gary A.|first2=Robbie|title=Honolulu CSI: An Introduction to Forensic Science and Criminal Investigation|year=2004|publisher=Bess Press|isbn=978-1-57306-228-2|page=87}}
2. ^{{cite web |last1=Wrought Steel Pipe - Bursting Pressures |title=The bursting pressures are based on Barlow's formula. The working pressures are based on factor 8. Dimensions according ASME/ANSI B36.10/19. |url=https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wrought-steel-pipe-bursting-pressure-d_1123.html |website=www.engineeringtoolbox.com |language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.dni.gov/files/NCTC/documents/features_documents/2006_calendar_bomb_stand_chart.pdf|title=Bomb Threat Stand-Off Distances|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=The National Counterterrorism Center|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Introduction by Campbell McCutcheon|title=Home Guard Manual 1941|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGGoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77|date=30 September 2012|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-1103-7|pages=77}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagohs.org/dramas/act2/tragedyEnacted/momentOfTruth_f.htm |title=Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here, Moment of Truth |accessdate=2008-01-19 |year=2000 |work=The Dramas of Haymarket |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |quote=The details are factually incorrect, because by all accounts Fielden ended his speech before the bomb was thrown, and because the riot did not begin until after the explosion. In [this] depiction, the speech, the explosion, and the riot all take place at once. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315002211/http://www.chicagohs.org/dramas/act2/tragedyEnacted/momentOfTruth_f.htm |archivedate=2008-03-15 |df= }}
6. ^¹²{{cite book|title=American State Trials: A Collection of the Important and Interesting Criminal Trials which Have Taken Place in the United States from the Beginning of Our Government to the Present Day|last=Lawson|first=John Davison|author2=Robert Lorenzo Howard|year=1919|publisher=Thomas Law Books|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=a+fuse+with+a+cap+is+put+into+that+hole}}
7. ^Greg Krikorian, Evidence emerges in ‘85 Santa Ana slaying, Los Angeles Times, October 11, 2007, B-1.
8. ^Friedman, Robert I., The California Murder Case That Israel Is Sweeping Under the Rug : Justice: In 1985, Alex Odeh was killed by a pipe bomb in Orange County. The FBI has three suspects, but they are in Israel; extradition is unlikely, Los Angeles Times, May 13, 1990
9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/13/eric.rudolph/index.html|publisher=CNN.com|title=Rudolph reveals motives|date=19 Apr 2005}}
10. ^{{citation|title=Sweden: Stockholm suicide bombings could have been 'catastrophic'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/8197221/Sweden-Stockholm-suicide-bombings-could-have-been-catastrophic.html|publisher=The Telegraph|location=London|date=12 December 2010}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/statement-on-the-fbis-investigation-of-suspicious-packages|title=Investigation of Suspicious Packages|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us|access-date=2018-10-26}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-director-christopher-wrays-remarks-regarding-arrest-of-cesar-sayoc-in-suspicious-package-investigation|title=FBI Director Christopher Wray’s Remarks Regarding Arrest of Cesar Sayoc in Suspicious Package Investigation|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us|access-date=26 October 2018}}