| 词条 | Piper PA-46 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Piper PA-46 Malibu and Matrix are a family of American light aircraft manufactured by Piper Aircraft of Vero Beach, Florida. The aircraft is powered by a single engine and has the capacity for one pilot and five passengers. Early Malibus were all piston-engined, but a turboprop version, introduced as the Malibu Meridian but now called the M500, is also available.[2] Currently, Piper offers the M350, M500, and M600 in the PA-46 family. [3] The PA-46 was the third single-engined piston aircraft with a pressurized cabin to reach the market, after the Mooney M22 and Cessna P210 Centurion, and the only one still in production. DevelopmentWork on the PA-46 began in the late 1970s, with a prototype (the PA-46-300T) first flying on November 30, 1979. The type was announced in November 1982, apparently to compete with Cessna's newest creation of the era, the P210 Centurion. Like the Centurion, the Malibu was to feature cabin pressurization {{cvt|5.5|psi|hPa}}, a feature not included on the prototype. VariantsPA-46-310P MalibuThe first example of the initial production version flew in August 1982, and FAA certification was obtained in September 1983. Deliveries started one month later. 404 aircraft with Continental TSIO-520 engines were built before this model was replaced in production by the PA-46-350P Malibu Mirage. The PA-46-310P is powered by a Continental TSIO-520BE engine rated at {{convert|310|hp|abbr=on}}. The PA-46-310P has lower fuel consumption, greater range, and the ability to cruise at "lean-of-peak." The PA-46-310P has a maximum cruising range of {{cvt|1550|nmi|km}} (with reserves), while the PA-46-350P initially had a maximum cruising range of only {{convert|1055|nmi|km}}, although this is now increased to {{convert|1345|nmi|km}}.[4] The PA-46-310P Malibu has set several world speed records: Seattle to New York set November 23, 1987 at {{convert|259.27|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}; Detroit to Washington, DC set January 4, 1989 at {{convert|395.96|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}; and Chicago to Toronto set on January 8, 1989 at {{convert|439.13|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. All three records were set by Steve Stout in his 1986 Malibu N9114B.[5] The Continental TSIO-520-BE powered Malibu was discontinued in 1988 following a series of incidents and accidents attributed to engine failures. One such accident resulted in a settlement in which Teledyne Continental Motors paid $32,125,000 to a pilot injured in the crash of a Malibu.[6] PA-46-350P Malibu MirageProduction of the Malibu Mirage commenced in October 1988 for the 1989 model year. New features included a more powerful Lycoming TIO-540-AE2A {{convert|350|hp|abbr=on}} engine and a new wing. Various changes have occurred over the model years. Earlier models had an all-King panel and later this became largely Garmin, the Garmin G1000 glass cockpit is now standard. In 1995, the pilot's windshield became a glass assembly (earlier it had been acrylic glass with a heat strip overlay). In 1996, numerous switches were moved to an overhead console. In 1999, the Mirage gained the strengthened wing designed for the turboprop Meridian. PA-46-500TP Malibu MeridianIn 1997, Piper announced its intention to market a turboprop-powered version of the Malibu, and flew a prototype the following year powered by a Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-42A of {{convert|500|shp|abbr=on}}. Certification was achieved in September 2000 and deliveries began in November that year. Changes made to allow for turboprop power include larger wings and tail surfaces. In 2009, Piper began offering the Meridian with a three-screen version of the Garmin G1000 including the Garmin GFC 700 autopilot as a replacement for the Avidyne Entegra system. Piper M-ClassPiper Aircraft no longer refers to their top-of-the-line aircraft with the names Malibu, Malibu Mirage or Malibu Meridian. The PA-46 line of aircraft, as of 2015, is now referred to as the Piper M-Class. The M350, M500 and the newest M600 make up the entire M-Class line. The models range in price from the M350 at $1.15 million, to $2.26 million for the M500, to the flagship M600 whose pricing starts at over $2.8 million.[7] M350The M350 is an updated version of the Mirage. The M350 is fitted with the same {{convert|350|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} turbocharged Lycoming TIO-540-AE2A engine and Hartzell three-bladed propeller as the Mirage. Improvements over the Mirage are an Ametek digital fuel quantity system and an improved Garmin G1000 NXi flight system. The new Garmin system has envelope-protection and anti-hypoxia tools.[8] It will initiate an emergency descent in the case that the pilot becomes incapacitated as a result of hypoxia. The M350 is capable of cruising at {{convert|213|kn|km/h|0|abbr=on}} with a range of {{convert|1343|nmi|km|0|abbr=on}}. The plane has a service ceiling of {{convert|25000|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}. No wind, standard day gross weight takeoff is achieved in {{convert|1087|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} and landing in {{convert|1020|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}.[9][10] M500The M500 is an updated version of the Meridian. It also has the updated Garmin G1000 NXi flight system, like the M350. The G1000 NXi system includes an automatic wings-level function and control override to prevent exceeding the plane's flight envelope. Its purpose is to maintain a safe, stable flight condition in the case of pilot disorientation or incapacitation.[11] The safety feature is called Electronic Stability and Protection (ESP). The M500 also has ADS-B, but no FADEC. The M500's fuel tanks can carry {{cvt|170|gal|l|0}} and its Pratt & Whitney PT6A-42A engine burns {{cvt|37|gal/h|l/h|0}}[12]. It is a light plane with a maximum ramp weight of {{cvt|5135|lb|0}} and {{cvt|5092|lb|kg|0}} MTOW. It cruises at {{cvt|260|kn|km/h|0}} at an altitude of {{cvt|30000|ft|m|0}}. The M500, at a price of $2.26M [13] has few competitors, including the cheaper sister-ship, Piper M350, the $2.3M Cirrus Vision SF50, the $3M Epic E1000 and the $3M Eclipse 550.[14] M600In 2015, Piper introduced the M600, as an upgrade to the M500. The M600 has {{cvt|600|hp|kW|0}} and a price tag of $2.82 million. The new M600 is equipped with the Garmin G3000, a new wing and more fuel capacity. The aircraft is more capable than the M500, as the M600 has greater range and a slightly higher top speed.[15] It has anti-hypoxia tools like in the M350. [16] It received its FAA certification on June 18, 2016. Its NBAA IFR range is {{convert|1484|nmi|km|0|abbr=on}}, up from {{convert|1000|nmi|km|0|abbr=on}} for the M500, and maximum cruise speed is {{cvt|274|kn}}, up from the M500's {{cvt|260|kn}}. The M600’s MTOW is {{cvt|6000|lb}}, up from the M500’s {{cvt|5092|lb}}, with a {{cvt|260|usgal|L}} fuel capacity, greater than the M500's {{cvt|170|usgal|L}}. The M600’s standard equipped weight is {{cvt|200|lb}} higher than the M500's. Full-fuel payload for the M600 is {{cvt|645|lb}} compared to {{cvt|550|lb}} for the M500.[17] Between June 2016 and March 2018, 50 have been delivered, mostly in the U.S. and mostly are owner-flown.It offers nearly the range of the TBM 900 for much less cost, and can operate from shorter runways than very light jets like the Eclipse 500 or the Citation Mustang.It burns {{cvt|350|lb}} in the first hour, {{cvt|300|lb}} the second hour and {{cvt|200|lb}} thereafter, averaging {{cvt|45|usgal|l}} per hour, while $125–130 per hour have to be budgeted for the 1,800 h engine midlife inspection before the $150,000–200,000 3,600 h overhaul.{{cite news |url=http://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/piper-m600-sweet-spot-price-vs-performance-curve |title= Piper M600: Sweet Spot On The Price Vs. Performance Curve |date= Mar 23, 2018 |author= Fred George |work= Business & Commercial Aviation}} |
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