“Pippi Longstocking”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Pippi Longstocking (full name Pippilotta Delicatessa Windowshade Mackrelmint Ephraim's Daughter Longstocking {{small|(see below)}}; {{lang-sv|Pippi Långstrump}} {{IPA-sv|²pɪpːɪ ²lɔŋːstrɵmp|}}, full name Pippilotta Viktualia Rullgardina Krusmynta Efraimsdotter Långstrump) is the main character in an eponymous series of children's books by the Swedish author Astrid Lindgren. Pippi was named by Lindgren's daughter Karin, who asked her mother for a get-well story when she was off school.

Pippi is red-haired, freckled, unconventional and superhumanly strong – able to lift her horse one-handed. She is playful and unpredictable. She often makes fun of unreasonable adults, especially if they are pompous and condescending. Her anger comes out in extreme cases, such as when a man ill-treats his horse. Pippi, like Peter Pan, does not want to grow up. She is the daughter of a buccaneer captain and has adventure stories to tell about that, too. Her four best friends are her horse and monkey, and the neighbours' children, Tommy and Annika.

After being rejected by Bonnier Publishers in 1944, Lindgren's first manuscript was accepted by Rabén and Sjögren. The first three Pippi chapter books were published from 1945 to 1948, followed by three short stories and a number of picture book adaptations. They have been translated into 76 languages {{as of|2018|lc=yes}}^[1] and made into several films and television series.

Character

Pippi Longstocking is a fictional nine-year-old girl.{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=69}} At the start of the titular novel, she moves into Villa Villekulla, her house that she shares with her monkey named Mr. Nillson and her horse, and quickly befriends the two children living next door, Tommy and Annika Settergren.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=99}}{{sfn|Erol|1991|p=118–119}} With her suitcase of gold coins, she maintains an independent lifestyle without her parents: her mother died soon after her birth, and her father, Captain Ephraim Longstocking, is first missing at sea, and then, king of a South Sea island.{{sfn|Erol|1991|pp=114–115}}{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=75}} Despite periodic attempts by village authorities to make her conform to cultural expectations of what a child's life should be, such as unsuccessfully sending her to school, Pippi happily lives free from social conventions.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=100}}{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=65}} According to Eva-Maria Metcalf, Pippi "loves her freckles and her tattered clothes and makes not the slightest attempt to suppress her wild imagination or to adopt good manners."{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=65}} She has a penchant for storytelling, which often takes the form of tall tales.{{sfn|Hoffeld|1977|pp=48–49}}

When discussing Pippi, Astrid Lindgren explained that "Pippi represents my own childish longing for a person who has power but does not abuse it. And pay attention to the fact that Pippi never does that."{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=70}} Although she is the self-proclaimed "strongest girl in the world," Pippi often uses nonviolence to solve conflicts or protect other children from bullying.{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=71}}{{sfn|Hoffeld|1977|p=50}} Pippi has been variously described by literary critics as "warm-hearted,"{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=100}} compassionate,{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=74}} kind,{{sfn|Holmlund|2003|p=3}} clever,{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=75}} generous,{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=100}}{{sfn|Hoffeld|1977|p=51}} playful,{{sfn|Metcalf|1995|p=85}} and witty to the point of besting adult characters in conversation.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=100}} Laura Hoffeld wrote that while Pippi's "naturalness entails selfishness, ignorance, and a marked propensity to lie," the character "is simultaneously generous, quick and wise, and true to herself and others."{{sfn|Hoffeld|1977|p=48}}

Development

Biographer Jens Andersen locates a range of influences and inspiration for Pippi not only within educational theories of the 1930s, such as those of A. S. Neill and Bertrand Russell, but also contemporary films and comics that featured "preternaturally strong characters" (e.g. Superman and Tarzan).{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=145}} Literary inspiration for the character can be found in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, E. T. A. Hoffmann's The Strange Child, Anne of Green Gables, and Daddy Long Legs in addition to myths, fairytales, and legends.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=145}} Andersen argues that the "misanthropic, emotionally stunted age" of the Second World War, during which Lindgren was developing the character, provided the most influence: the original version of Pippi, according to Andersen, "was a cheerful pacifist whose answer to the brutality and evil of war was goodness, generosity, and good humor."{{sfn|Andersen|2018|pp=145–46}}

Pippi originates from bedside stories told for Lindgren's daughter, Karin. In the winter of 1941, Karin had come down with an illness and was confined to her sickbed; inspired by Karin's request to tell her stories about Pippi Longstocking, a name Karin created, Lindgren improvised stories about an "anything-but-pious" girl with "boundless energy."{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=144}}{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|pp=98–99}} As a child, Karin related more to Annika and Tommy, rather than Pippi, whom she felt was

very different from her personality.^[2] Pippi became a staple within the household, with Karin's friends and cousins also enjoying her adventures.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=144}} In April 1944, while recovering from a twisted ankle, Lindgren wrote her stories about Pippi in shorthand, a method she used throughout her writing career; a copy of the clean manuscript was turned into a homemade book for Karin and gifted to her on May 21, while another was posted to publisher Bonnier Förlag, where it was rejected in September on the grounds of being "too advanced."{{sfn|Andersen|2018|pp=139–143, 156}}

After her critical success with her debut children's novel The Confidences of Britt-Mari (1944),{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=157}} Lindgren sent the manuscript for Pippi Longstocking to her editor at Rabén and Sjögren, the children's librarian and critic Elsa Olenius, in May 1945. Olenius advised her to revise some of the "graphic" elements, such as a full chamber pot being used as a fire extinguisher, and then to enter it into the upcoming competition at Rabén and Sjögren, which was for books targeted at children between the ages of six and ten.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|pp=162–63}} Critic Ulla Lundqvist estimates that a third of the manuscript was altered, with some changes made to improve its prose and readability, and others done to the character of Pippi, who according to Lundqvist "acquire[d] a new modesty and tenderness, and also a slight touch of melancholy," as well as "less intricate" dialogue.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=99}} Pippi Longstocking placed first and was subsequently published in November 1945 with illustrations by Ingrid Vang Nyman.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=164}} Two more books followed: Pippi Goes on Board (1946) and Pippi in the South Seas (1948).{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=97}} Three picture books were also produced: Pippi's After Christmas Party (1950), Pippi on the Run (1971), and Pippi Longstocking in the Park (2001).^[3]

Name

The original Swedish language books set Pippi's full name as Pippilotta Viktualia Rullgardina Krusmynta Efraimsdotter Långstrump, which contains some words that cannot be translated directly.^[4] English language books and films about Pippi have given her name in the following forms:

In Indonesia, Pippi's full name was translated as: Pippilotta Viktualia Gorden Tirai Permen Efraimputri Langstrump^[9]

As of 2009, the book has been translated into 64 languages.^[10] Here are the character's names in some languages other than English.

Cultural impact

Pippi Longstocking quickly became popular in Sweden upon publication, and by the end of the 1940s, 300,000 copies had been sold, saving Rabén and Sjögren from impending financial ruin.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=168}} This was partially due to Olenius's marketing: she ensured that the book was frequently read to a radio audience, as well as helping to put on a popular adaptation of the book at her children's theatre at Medborgarhuset, Stockholm, in March 1946, for which only a library card was required for admission.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=166}} This performance also toured other Swedish cities, including Norrköping, Göteborg, and Eskilstuna.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=166}} Another factor in the book's success was two positive reviews by the influential Swedish critics of children's culture, Eva von Zweigbergk and Greta Bolin, writing for Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet, respectively; they praised the main character as "a liberatory force."{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=170}} Zweigbergk wrote that Pippi could provide an outlet for regular children who do not have the considerable freedom she possesses, with which Bolin agreed, remarking that Pippi's humor and antics would also appeal to adults for the same reason.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|pp=169-70}}

Subsequent reviews of Pippi Longstocking echoed the general opinions of von Zweigbergk and Bolin towards the book, until John Landquist's criticism in an August 1946 piece published in Aftonbladet, titled "BAD AND PRIZEWINNING."{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=102}} Landquist, who worked as a professor at Lund University, argued that the book was badly done, harmful to children, and that Pippi herself was mentally disturbed.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=102}}{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=173}} Further criticism of Pippi's supposedly "unnatural" and harmful behavior followed in an article in the teachers' magazine Folkskolläranas Tidnung and in readers' letters to magazines.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=102}}{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=174}} This debate over Pippi's performance of childhood colored the reviews of the sequel Pippi Goes On Board (October 1946), some of which responded to Landquist's argument within the review itself.{{sfn|Lundqvist|1989|p=102}}{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=174}} Regardless, Pippi continued to maintain her popularity and was featured in a range of merchandising, adaptations, and advertising.{{sfn|Andersen|2018|p=185}}

In 1950, Pippi Longstocking was translated into American English by Viking Books, one of the few translations of children's literature there, and did not become a bestseller, although sales did eventually improve after the initial release; more than five million copies had been sold by 2000.{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=15–17}} Pippi was positively received by American reviewers, who did not find her behavior "subversive" or problematic, but rather "harmless" and entertaining.{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=18–19}} Eva-Maria Metcalf has argued that Pippi was subject to a "double distancing" as both a foreign character and one believed to nonsensical, thus minimizing her potentially subversive actions that had stirred the minor controversy earlier in Sweden.{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=19}} As a result of Pippi and Lindgren's growing recognition in the United States, Pippi's behavior became more critically scrutinized by literary critics, some of whom were less sure of the "hilarious nonsensical behavior, the goodness of her heart, and the freedom of her spirit" that had been lauded in earlier reviews.{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=21}} Reviewers of Pippi in the South Seas in Hornbook and The Saturday Review found Pippi to be less charming than in earlier books, with The Saturday Review describing her as "noisy and rude and unfunny."{{sfn|Metcalf|2011|p=20–21}}

In the twenty-first century, Pippi has continued to maintain her popularity, often placing on lists of favorite characters from children's literature or feminist characters.^[12]^[13]^[14] She appears as a character in Astrid Lindgren's World, a theme park in Vimmerby, Sweden, dedicated to Lindgren's works,{{sfn|Silvey|2005|p=107}} and on the obverse of the Swedish 20 kronor note, as issued by Riksbank.^[15] Additionally, Pika's Festival, a children's festival in Slovenia, borrows its name from her.^[16] Pippi has also inspired other literary creations: for his character Lisbeth Salander in the

Millennium series, Stieg Larsson was inspired by his idea of what Pippi might have been like as an adult.^[17] Pippi has continued to remain popular with critics, who often cite her freedom as part of her appeal. The Independent{{'}}s Paul Binding described her as "not simply a girl boldly doing boys' things," but rather "[i]n her panache and inventiveness she appeals to the longings, the secret psychic demands of girls and boys, and indeed has happily united them in readership all over the world."^[18] Susanna Forest of The Telegraph called Pippi "still outrageous and contemporary" and "the ultimate imaginary friend to run along rooftops and beat up the bad guys."^[19] In 100 Best Books for Children, Anita Silvey praised the character as "the perfect fantasy heroine — one who lives without supervision but with endless money to execute her schemes."{{sfn|Silvey|2005|p=107}}

The character has also centered in debates about how to handle potentially offensive racial language in children's literature. In 2014, the Swedish public broadcastor SVT edited the 1969 television adaptation of Pippi Longstocking with the approval of Astrid Lindgren's heirs: the first removed Pippi's reference to her father as "King of the Negroes," a term now offensive in Sweden;{{#tag:ref|Publisher Friedrich Oetinger had also revised the German translation of Pippi Longstocking in 2009, removing a reference to Pippi's father as "Negro King" in favor of the "South Sea King."^[20] In Sweden, the term remained in the books, with a preface noting that the accepted language and terminology used to described people of African ancestry had changed over the years.^[21]|group="nb"|name=""}} and the second eliminated Pippi slanting her eyes, although it kept her pretending to sing in Chinese.^[21] These changes received a backlash: of the first 25,000 Swedish readers polled by the Aftonbladet on Facebook, eighty-one percent disagreed with the idea of removing outdated racial language and notions from Pippi Longstocking, and the columnist Erik Helmerson of Dagens Nyheter labelled the changes as censorship.^[21] One of Lindgren's grandchildren, Nils Nyman, defended the edits, arguing that to not do so might have diluted Pippi's message of female empowerment.^[21]

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/sv/karaktarerna/pippi-langstrump/varlden-runt|title=Astrid Lindgren official webpage|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Astridlindgren.se|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-29}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.astridlindgren.com/en/characters/pippi-longstocking/the-history|title=The history|publisher=Astrid Lindgren Company|accessdate=2019-01-24}}
3. ^"Astrid (Ericsson) Lindgren." Major Authors and Illustrators for Children and Young Adults, 2nd ed., 8 vols. Gale Group, 2002.Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC (requires login)
4. ^{{cite book |title=Pippi Långstrump als Paradigma |last=Surmatz |first=Astrid |publisher=A. Francke |year=2005 |language=German |volume=34 |series=Beiträge zur nordischen Philologie |isbn=978-3-7720-3097-0 |pages=150, 253–254}}
5. ^{{cite news |last1=Pashko |first1=Stan |title=Making the Scene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5red2gap3LQC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=2018-06-10 |work=Boys' Life |date=June 1973 |page=6}}
6. ^Pilon, A. Barbara (1978). [https://books.google.com/books?id=L20QAQAAMAAJ&q=pippilotta+longstocking&dq=pippilotta+longstocking&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dYKxU_jXHIKPyASuxIHYDw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwBQ Teaching language arts creatively in the elementary grades], John Wiley & Sons, page 215.
7. ^{{cite book |title=Astrid Lindgren |last=Metcalf |first=Eva-Maria |publisher=Twayne Publishers |year=1995 |page=64 |isbn=978-0-8057-4525-2}}
8. ^Pippi Longstocking, 2000
9. ^[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=vxClpMSOQycC&pg=PA150&lpg=PA150&dq=pippi+naik+ke+kapal;&source=bl&ots=2MvxstOB4V&sig=ACfU3U2mEO_9nzBmMHXHzGyqlpiLSsNfHw&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwm9TdmsfgAhWXWysKHeARBKUQ6AEwBnoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=pippi%20naik%20ke%20kapal%3B&f=false]{{cite book |title=Pippi Hendak Berlayar |last=Lindgren |first=Astrid |publisher=Gramedia |year=2001 }}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Characters in Other Countries|url=http://www.astridlindgren.se/en/around-world/characters-other-countries|work=Astrid Lindgren official site|accessdate=4 April 2013}}
11. ^{{cite book |title=Pippi Fhad-stocainneach |last=Lindgren |first=Astrid |publisher=Akerbeltz |year=2018 |language=Scottish Gaelic | |isbn=9781907165313}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/09/20-girl-power-characters-to-introduce-to-your-geekgirl/|title=20 Girl-Power Characters to Introduce to Your GeekGirl|date=20 September 2010|author=Kraft, Amy|work=Wired|accessdate=9 February 2019}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/04/greatest-girl-characters-young-adult-literature/329661/|title=The Greatest Girl Characters of Young Adult Literature|author=Doll, Jen|date=5 April 2012|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=9 February 2018}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/26874-25-of-childhood-literatures-most-beloved-female-characters-ranked-in-coolness|title=25 of Childhood Literature's Most Beloved Female Characters, Ranked in Coolness|date=11 June 2014|author=Erbland, Kate|work=Bustle|accessdate=9 February 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.riksbank.se/globalassets/media/sedlar--mynt/sedel--och-myntutbytet-2015-2017/engelska/copyright-issues-in-the-new-banknote-series|title=Copyright issues in the new banknote series|date=25 March 2013|author=Jacobsson, Leif|format=pdf|publisher=Riksbank|accessdate=13 February 2019}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.culture.si/en/Pika%27s_Festival |title=Pika's Festival |work=Culture.si |date=25 November 2011 |publisher=Ljudmila Art and Science Laboratory}}
17. ^{{cite web|author=Rich, Nathaniel|date=5 January 2011|title=The Mystery of the Dragon Tattoo: Stieg Larsson, the World's Bestselling — and Most Enigmatic — Author|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-mystery-of-the-dragon-tattoo-stieg-larsson-the-worlds-bestselling-and-most-enigmatic-author-20110105|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=2 January 2016}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/long-live-pippi-longstocking-the-girl-with-red-plaits-is-back-462744.html|title=Long live Pippi Longstocking: The girl with red plaits is back|author=Binding, Paul|date= 26 August 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=9 February 2019}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3668234/Pippi-Longstocking-the-Swedish-superhero.html|title=Pippi Longstocking: the Swedish superhero|date=29 September 2007|author=Forest, Susanna|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=9 February 2019}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/publisher-criticized-for-removing-racist-terms-from-children-s-book-a-878000.html|title=Edit of Classic Children's Book Hexes Publisher|author=Wilder, Charly|date=16 January 2013|work=Der Spiegel|accessdate=13 February 2019}}
21. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/arts/television/pippi-longstockings-words-to-be-modified-for-tv.html|title=Sweden’s Storybook Heroine Ignites a Debate on Race|author= Donadio, Rachel|date=2 December 2014|work=The New York Times|accessdate=13 February 2019}}

Character

Development

Name

Cultural impact

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links