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词条 Children's Healthcare is a Legal Duty
释义

  1. History

  2. Mission and activities

     Legal actions  Testimony before legislatures  Publications 

  3. Recognition

  4. References

  5. Further reading

  6. External links

{{about|the child advocacy organization|other uses|Child (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox nonprofit
|name = Children's Healthcare
Is a Legal Duty
|image=
|abbreviation = CHILD
|formation = 1983
|type = 501(c)(3)
|location = Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.
|focus = Child neglect
|field = Child welfare
|key_people = Rita Swan, President
|board_of_directors = {{ubl|Jetta Bernier, Executive Director|Ken Stringer, Chairman}}
|website = {{URL|childrenshealthcare.org}}
}}

Children's Healthcare Is a Legal Duty (CHILD) is an American nonprofit membership organization that works to stop child abuse and neglect based on religious beliefs, cultural traditions, and quackery. CHILD opposes religious exemptions from child health and safety laws. These exemptions have been used as a defense in criminal cases when parents have withheld lifesaving medical care on religious grounds. These exemptions also have discouraged reporting and investigation of religion-based medical neglect of children and spawned many outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases and deaths.[1][2] CHILD publicizes the ideological abuse and neglect of children, lobbies for equal protection laws for children, and files lawsuits and amicus curiae briefs in related cases.

CHILD was founded in 1983 by Rita and Douglas Swan after the death of their son, Matthew. When Matthew developed a high fever in 1977, several Christian Science practitioners, who claimed they were healing Matthew, persuaded the Swans not to seek medical treatment for him. After he had been ill for 12 days, the Swans did take Matthew to the hospital, but his illness had progressed too far and he died of meningitis.[3]

According to the National Association of Counsel for Children, which gave an award to Rita Swan for her efforts, "Due in large part to CHILD's efforts, Colorado, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Dakota, Hawaii, and Oregon have removed laws which provided exemptions from prosecution to parents who fail to provide medical care for their sick children based on religion".[4][5][6]

History

Rita and Douglas Swan founded CHILD as a legacy to their son, Matthew.[7] In 1977 he became ill with bacterial meningitis. The Swans, Christian Scientists at the time, were persuaded by Christian Scientist practitioners – the religion's name for its spiritual healers – not to seek medical treatment for their son. When one of the practitioners said Matthew might have a broken bone, which Christian Scientists are allowed to go to a doctor for, the Swans took their baby to a hospital after he had been ill for 12 days, but his illness had progressed too far, and he died.[8] Motivated by this tragedy, CHILD works to eliminate religious exemptions in child health and safety laws. Parents belonging to various religions, in particular Christian Science, have used these exemptions as legal defenses in criminal cases for failing to provide medical care for children who then died.[9]

Following the death of their son, the Swans left the Christian Science Church,[3] and in 1983, Rita Swan founded the nonprofit organization, Children's Healthcare is a Legal Duty (CHILD), and has worked "relentlessly" to publicize cases of religion-related child abuse and neglect.[10] In 1998, Rita Swan and Seth Asser published a benchmark study in Pediatrics that analyzed 140 child deaths in which medical treatment was withheld. This study showed that 90% of these children would have survived with routine medical care.[11][12]

In 1996 Congress added to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act a provision that nothing in the act can "be construed as establishing a Federal requirement that a parent or legal guardian provide any medical service or treatment that is against the religious beliefs of the parent or legal guardian".[13] CHILD has opposed this provision on several fronts. CHILD's work has led to the repeal of some or all religious exemptions to child neglect laws in Colorado, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Dakota, Hawaii, Oregon, Minnesota, Ohio, and Rhode Island.[5][14] In 2009, CHILD lobbied successfully to remove provisions from the federal Affordable Care Act that would have provided government funding and mandated insurance coverage for faith healing that did not also include medical care.[15][16]

Mission and activities

CHILD'S mission is to end child abuse and religious-based medical neglect, cultural practices, or pseudoscience through public education, research, and a limited amount of lobbying to support laws that protect children against maltreatment. The organization also files lawsuits and amicus curiae briefs in related court cases.[17]

CHILD supports:

  • Laws requiring medical care of children, including preventive and diagnostic measures, without exception for religious belief
  • Reporting of child abuse and child neglect without religious exemption
  • Licensing of child care facility, including those run by churches
  • Ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child[17]

Legal actions

The Swans filed a wrongful death suit against the Christian Science Church in 1980, but it was dismissed on First Amendment grounds, and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear their case on appeal.[8][18] In 2000, CHILD sued the director of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Children's Healthcare Is a Legal Duty, Inc. v. Min De Parle), over federal healthcare monies being directed to Christian Science facilities and others that provide no medical treatment. The suit, alleging a violation of the establishment clause, was dismissed with summary judgment; on appeal, the judgment was upheld, and the Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal.[19][20]

Other legal cases include CHILD Inc. and Brown v. Deters challenging Ohio's religious defense to child endangerment and manslaughter (ORC 2919.22a) and CHILD Inc. v. Vladeck against the federal government's use of medicare and medicaid funds for Christian Science nursing.[21][22]

Testimony before legislatures

{{Div col}}
  • Oregon Senate Judiciary Committee, 26 April 2011[23]
  • Oregon House Judiciary Committee, 21 February 2011[24]
  • Wisconsin Assembly Committee on Children and Families, 17 March 2010
  • Nebraska State Legislature, Health and Human Services Committee, 25 January 2007[25]
  • Iowa House Education Subcommittee, January 2006
  • Maine Joint Standing Committee on Health and Human Services, May 2005
  • Nebraska State Legislature, Education Committee, February 2005
  • Rhode Island House Health, Education, and Welfare Committee, February 2004
  • Missouri House Judiciary Committee, April 2003
  • Colorado Senate Health, Environment, Children, and Families Committee, April 2001
  • Maryland House Judiciary Committee, March 2001
  • Colorado House Criminal Justice Committee, February 2001
  • Oregon House Criminal Law Committee, March 1999
  • South Dakota House and Senate Health and Human Services Committees, February 1998[26][27]
  • Michigan House Judiciary Committee, February 1997
  • U. S. Senate Labor and Human Resources staff briefing, June 1995
  • Minnesota House Judiciary Committee, March 1994
  • Minnesota House Judiciary Committee, December 1991
  • Minnesota Senate Judiciary Committee, March 1991
  • South Dakota House State Affairs Committee, January 1990
  • California Assembly Committee on Public Safety, October 1989
  • Ohio House Children and Youth Committee, March 1989
  • Ohio House Children and Youth Subcommittee, March 1985
  • North Dakota House of Representatives, January 1979[28]
{{Div col end}}

Publications

{{Div col}}
  • {{Citation | last=Swan | first=Rita | date=Winter 2009–2010 | title=Matthew, you cannot be sick | magazine=The Dublin Review | issue=37 | publisher=Brendan Barrington | publication-place =Dublin, Ireland | pages =43–69 | issn =1393-998X | url =http://thedublinreview.com/%E2%80%98matthew-you-cannot-be-sick%E2%80%99}}
  • {{cite book |last=Swan |first=Rita |title=The Last Strawberry |url=http://www.hagsheadpress.com/strawberry.html |year=2010 |publisher=Hag's Head Press |location=Dublin |isbn=9780955126468}}
  • {{Cite journal | first = Rita | last = Swan | year =2010 | title =Prayer-fee mandates removed from federal health care bills | journal =ICSA Today | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 18–21 | publisher = International Cultic Studies Association | url =http://icsahome.com/infoserv_respond/by_icsapub.asp?ID=50364 | issn=2154-820X}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Swan |first1=Rita |editor1-first=Carole |editor1-last=Jenny |title=Child Abuse and Neglect: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Evidence |edition=1st |year=2011 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |location=St. Louis, MO |isbn=978-1-4160-6393-3 |oclc= |pages=599–604 |chapter=Chapter 63: Religion and Child Neglect}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Swan |first1=Rita |editor1-first=Nicky Ali |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-link= |others= |title=Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge Press |location=New York |isbn=9780203942215 |pages=475–483 |chapter=Medical Neglect Related to Religion and Culture}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Swan |first1=Rita | title=Ibid. | pages=205–208 |chapter=Religious Attitudes Toward Corporal Punishment}}
  • {{cite journal |first=Rita|last=Swan|title=Religion-based neglect: Pervasive, deadly...and legal?|url=http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/swan_neglect.html|journal=The Humanist|date=November–December 2000|publisher=American Humanist Association|pages=11–16 | issn=0018-7399}}
  • {{Citation | last=Swan | first=R. | year=1998 | title=On statutes depriving a class of children of rights to medical care: Can this discrimination be litigated? | journal=Quinnipiac Health Law Journal | volume=2 | issue=1 | publisher=Quinnipiac University, School of Law | pages=73–95 | oclc=36163682}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Swan |first=R. |date=Winter 1998–1999 |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=swan_19_1 | title=Letting children die for the faith |journal=Free Inquiry |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=6–7 |location= |publisher=Council for Secular Humanism | issn=0272-0701 |pmid=11657679}}
  • {{cite journal |date=Spring 1998 |title=Religion-based medical neglect and corporal punishment must not be tolerated |journal=The APSAC Advisor |volume=11 |pages=2–3 |publisher=American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children | issn=1088-3819}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Swan |first=R.|year=1997 |title=Children, medicine, religion, and the law |journal=Advances in Pediatrics |volume=44 |pages=491–543 |publisher=Mosby: Elsevier |issn=0065-3101 |pmid=9265980}}
  • {{cite journal |date=Winter 1994 |title=Discrimination de jure: Religious exemptions for medical neglect |journal=The APSAC Advisor |volume=7 |pages=35–8 |publisher=American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children | issn=1088-3819}}
  • {{cite journal |date=January 1993 |title=Public policy: Religious exemptions |journal=The Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter |pages=2–3 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons | issn=1058-1073}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Swan |first=Rita |date=Spring 1987 |title=The law should protect all children |journal=Journal of Christian Nursing |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=40 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins |issn=0743-2550 |pmid=3644911 |url=http://journals.lww.com/journalofchristiannursing/Citation/1987/04020/The_Law_Should_Protect_All_Children.16.aspx |doi=10.1097/00005217-198704020-00016}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Swan |first=Rita |date=29 December 1983 |title=Faith healing, Christian Science, and the medical care of children |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=309 |issue=26 |pages=1639–41 |publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=6358892 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198312293092610 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198312293092610}}
{{Div col end}}

Recognition

  • American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP): 2012 President's Certificate for Outstanding Service awarded to Rita Swan, MA, PhD for efforts in children's rights to medical care and decades of work with the AAP on these issues.[29]
  • Iowa Chapter of the Methodist Federation for Social Action: 6 June 2010 Outstanding Social Justice Work Award.[30]
  • Omicron Delta Kappa chapter at Morningside College: 27 April 2003 Honoris Causa Award.
  • National Association of Counsel for Children (NACC): 2001 Outstanding Legal Advocacy Award received by Rita Swan, MA, PhD for working to protect children from religious-based medical neglect through policy advocacy and amicus curiae work.[5]
  • Oregon Pediatric Society: 17 June 2000 Child Advocacy Service Award.
  • Oregon Peace Officers Association Child Abuse and Sex Crimes Investigators: 2 November 1999 Award for Child Advocacy.
  • The Giraffe Heroes Project: 12 January 1993 Award for Risk-Taking and Service.[31]
  • Sioux City Human Rights Commission: 2 May 1991 Human Rights Service Award.
  • South Dakota Chapter of the AAP: 14 September 1990 Child Advocacy Service Award.[28]

References

1. ^{{citation |title=Some Outbreaks of Vaccine-preventable Disease in Groups with Religious or Philosophical Exemptions to Vaccination|url=http://childrenshealthcare.org/?page_id=200|work=CHILD website|publisher=CHILD|accessdate=30 April 2013 |postscript=.}}
2. ^{{cite news | title=Man speaks out about child deaths in NW faith-healing church | author= | first=Dan (KATU News) | last=Tilkin | first2=Mike (KBOI News, Idaho) | last2=Murad | url=http://www.katu.com/news/local/122359354.html | format=TV news broadcast | agency=KATU | publisher=Fisher Communications, Inc. | location=Portland, OR | date=20 May 2011 | accessdate=30 April 2013}}
3. ^1 {{citation | first=Bonnie | last=Bell | url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20076133,00.html | title=Their baby's death provokes Doug and Rita Swan to a holy war on Christian Science | magazine=People | date=31 March 1980 | issn=0093-7673}}
4. ^{{citation | first=Marie Alena | last= Castle | url=http://www.atheistsforhumanrights.org/child.php | title=No legal protection for kids in faith-healing families: Why most states sanction religion-based child sacrifice |work= Atheists for Human Rights | accessdate= 30 January 2013}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite journal| title=Children's Law News|journal=The Guardian|year=2001|volume=23|issue=3|page=15|publisher=National Association of Counsel for Children | url=http://www.naccchildlaw.org/resource/resmgr/guardian/guardian_summer2001.pdf|accessdate=4 April 2013}}
6. ^{{cite news|last=Munns|first=Roger|title=Mom fights prayer that excludes medicine|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-06-02/news/mn-11000_1_modern-medicine|accessdate=22 April 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=2 June 1996}}
7. ^{{citation | first=Caroline | last=Fraser | title=God's Perfect Child: Living and Dying in the Christian Science Church | publisher=Henry Holt and Company | year= 1999 | pages=295–298 | location=New York | isbn= 0805044302 | oclc= 473250863}}
8. ^1 Fraser, 1999, pp. 278–291.
9. ^{{ citation | first=Mark | last=Larabee | title=Parents turn grief into a mission: Change the laws | newspaper=The Oregonian | date= 30 November 1998 | issn= 8750-1317 | publisher=Advance Publications}}
10. ^{{citation | last=Fraser | first= Caroline | date=April 1995 | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/flashbks/xsci/suffer.htm | title=Suffering children and the Christian Science Church | magazine=The Atlantic | accessdate= 18 April 2013 | issn=1072-7825}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last=Asser|first=S.M.|author2=Swan, R.|title=Child fatalities from religion-motivated medical neglect|journal=Pediatrics |date=April 1998|volume=101|issue=4 Pt 1|pages=625–9|pmid=9521945|accessdate=|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics| issn= 0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.101.4.625}}
12. ^{{cite journal|last=Gallegos|first=Alicia|title=Miracle vs. medicine: When faith puts care at risk|journal=American Medical News|date=19 September 2011|url=http://www.amednews.com/article/20110919/profession/309199944/4/|accessdate=17 April 2013|publisher=American Medical Association | issn= 0098-7484}}
13. ^Title 42-The Public Health And Welfare, Chapter 67-Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment And Adoption Reform, Subchapter I-General Program, Sec. 5106i-Rule Of Construction {{usc|42|5106i}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Policy & Legal |url=http://childrenshealthcare.org/?page_id=24 |work=CHILD website|publisher=CHILD|accessdate=30 April 2013}}
15. ^The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, {{USPL|111|148}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://ffrf.org/news/news-releases/item/2570-victory-christian-science-provision-not-in-merged-health-care-reform-bill |title=Victory! Christian Science provision not in merged health care reform bill. |date=20 November 2009 |publisher=Freedom From Religion Foundation |format=News Release |quote=Faith-healing mandate nixed from Senate health care reform bill |mode=cs2}}
17. ^1 {{citation |title=CHILD About|url=http://childrenshealthcare.org/?page_id=28|publisher=CHILD |accessdate=4 April 2013 | work=CHILD website}}
18. ^ Brown v. Laitner, 435 N.W.2d 1, 432 Mich. 861 (1989).
19. ^[https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/212/212.F3d.1084.98-3521.html CHILD Inc. v. Min De Parle] 212 F.3d 1084 (8th Cir. 2000); No. 98-3521 U. S. Court Of Appeals for the 8th Circuit Submitted: 18 October 1999. Filed: 1 May 2000. Retrieved from Public.Resource.Org 17 April 2013.
20. ^{{cite journal|last=Harris|first=B.|title=Veiled in textual neutrality: Is that enough? A candid reexamination of the constitutionality of section 4454 of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997|journal=Alabama Law Review|year=2010|volume=61|issue=2|pages=401–402|url=http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2061/Issue%202/harris.pdf|accessdate=4 April 2013}}
21. ^[https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/92/92.F3d.1412.95-3850.html CHILD Inc. and Brown v. Deters] 92 F.3d 1412. No. 95-3850. U. S. Court Of Appeals, 6th Circuit. Argued 4 March 1996. Decided 5 August 1996. Rehearing And Suggestion For Rehearing En Banc Denied 20 September 1996. Retrieved from Public.Resource.Org 17 April 2013.
22. ^[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7014481299021843487&hl=en&as_sdt=2,10&as_vis=1 CHILD Inc. v. Vladeck] 938 F.Supp. 1466 (1996) No. 3-96-63. U. S. Dist. Court, D. MN, 3rd Div. 7 August 1996. Retrieved from Google Scholar 17 April 2013.
23. ^Oregon Senate Committee on the Judiciary [https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/legislative-minutes-2011.aspx Minutes 26 April 2011.] 2. Retrieved 18 April 2013
24. ^Oregon House Committee on the Judiciary [https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/legislative-minutes-2011.aspx Minutes 21 February 2011.] 2. Retrieved 18 April 2013
25. ^Nebraska State Legislature, Health and Human Services Committee 25 January 2007 transcript. 11-13. Retrieved 18 April 2013
26. ^{{cite web|title=Minutes 13 February 1998, Senate Health and Human Services Committee|url=http://legis.state.sd.us/sessions/1998/comm.htm|author=Legislative Research Council, South Dakota Legislature}} Retrieved 22 April 2013
27. ^{{cite web|title=Minutes 6 February 1998, House Health and Human Services Committee|url=http://legis.state.sd.us/sessions/1998/comm.htm|author=Legislative Research Council, South Dakota Legislature}} Retrieved 22 April 2013
28. ^1 {{citation |title=Rita Swan, PhD Fellow Board of Directors|url=http://www.scienceinmedicine.org/fellows/Swan.html|publisher=Institute for Science in Medicine| work=Institute for Science in Medicine website | accessdate=23 April 2013}}
29. ^{{citation |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics|title=AAP President recognizes Dr. Swan for work on children's equal rights to health care|journal=AAP News|date=May 2012|volume=33|issue=5|url=http://aapnews.aappublications.org/content/33/5/9.extract#}}
30. ^{{cite news|title=2010 Social action award recipients|url=http://www.mfsaiowa.org/2010-AC-SQB.pdf|accessdate=17 April 2013|newspaper=Social Questions Bulletin|agency=Iowa Chapter Methodist Federation for Social Action|page=3|date=June 2010}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=The Giraffe Heroes Database: Swan, Rita|url=http://www.giraffe.org/index.php?sobi2Search=Search+...+&field_lastname=Swan%2C+Rita&field_workfield=0&field_loc=0&field_gender=0&field_age=all&field_occupation=0&search=Search&searchphrase=any&option=com_sobi2&sobiCid=0&sobi2Task=search&reset=2&Itemid=91|work=The Giraffe Heroes Project|accessdate=17 April 2013}}

Further reading

  • {{cite news|last=Stamm|first=Dan|title=Second child death for convicted faith-healing couple|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Faith-Healing-Parents-Schaibles-Child-Death-203782041.html|newspaper=NBC10 Television News Website|date=22 April 2013 | publisher=NBCUniversal Media, LLC.}}
  • {{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Madeline|title=Marathon Co. faith healing case: 5 years after Kara Neumann's death|url=http://www.wsaw.com/home/headlines/Marathon-Co-Faith-Healing-Case-5-Years-After-Kara-Neumann-Died-199960551.html|newspaper=WSAW TV 7 News website | publisher=Gray Television, Inc. |date=25 March 2013}}
  • {{cite web | title =Rita Swan and protecting children from religious exemptions | work =Free Thinking | publisher =Center for Inquiry | date =9 March 2012 | url =http://www.centerforinquiry.net/blogs/entry/dren_rita_swan_and_protecting_children/ | format =blog}}
  • {{cite web|last=Atwood|first=Kimball|title=Health care bills: More mischief in Washington|url=http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/index.php/health-care-bills-more-mischief-in-washington/|work=Science Based Medicine|format=blog|date=16 October 2009}}
  • {{cite news|last=Vanegeren|first=Jessica|title=Dueling bills take aim at religious exemption|url=http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/govt_and_politics/article_ba6f00b4-d38b-11de-871b-001cc4c03286.html|newspaper=The Capital Times|date=17 November 2009|location=Madison, Wisconsin}}
  • {{cite news | title=In child deaths, a test for Christian Science | first=David | last=Margolick | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/06/us/in-child-deaths-a-test-for-christian-science.html?src=pm | newspaper=The New York Times | date=6 August 1990}}

External links

  • {{official|childrenshealthcare.org}}
  • National Association of Counsel for Children
  • San Diego Conference on Responding to Child Maltreatment
{{abuse}}{{Christian Science}}

5 : Christian Science|Lobbying organizations in the United States|Organizations established in 1983|Non-profit organizations based in Lexington, Kentucky|1983 establishments in Kentucky
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