| 词条 | Pitmatic |
| 释义 |
Traditionally, pitmatic, together with some rural Northumbrian communities including Rothbury, used a guttural R. This is now less frequently heard; since the closure of the area's deep mines, many younger people speak in local ways that do not usually include this characteristic.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} The guttural r sound can, however, still sometimes be detected, especially amongst elderly populations in more rural areas. DialectologyWhile in theory pitmatic was spoken throughout the Great Northern Coalfield, from Ashington in Northumberland to Fishburn in County Durham, early references apply specifically to its use by miners especially from the Durham district (1873) [3] and to its use in County Durham (1930).{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Dialect words in Northumberland and Tyneside, including many specific to the coal-mining industry, were collected in the two volumes of Northumberland Words by Oliver Heslop in 1892 and 1894.[4][5] Although he did not use the term, Alexander J Ellis's work on the language of miners "between rivers Tyne and Wansbeck" has been studied as an early transcription of Pitmatic, which used informants from Earsdon and Backworth.[6] In the 1950s, the Survey of English Dialects included Earsdon as a site and many of the forms recorded matched the transcriptions in Ellis's early work, although some appeared to have modified under pressure from other forms of English.[6] Harold Orton compiled a database of dialect forms for 35 locations in Northumberland and northern Durham, known as the Orton Corpus.[6]In 1973, a book Pit Talk in County Durham was written by a local miner named David John Douglass, who later moved to South Yorkshire and published a series of socialist books. In mediaNowadays "pitmatic" is an uncommon term in popular usage.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} In recent times, all three dialects have converged, acquiring features from more Standard English varieties. English as spoken in County Durham has been described as "half-Geordie, half-Teesside" (see the article about Mackem). Melvyn Bragg presented a programme on BBC Radio 4 about pitmatic as part of a series on regional dialects.[7] Pitmatic has rarely featured in entertainment. One of the few cases is the second episode of Ken Loach's series Days of Hope, which was filmed around Esh Winning in Durham with mostly local actors, although the lead Paul Copley has a Yorkshire accent. Related forms of EnglishOther Northern English dialects include
Notes1. ^Durham Cathedral sermon discussing pitmatic 2. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/cuddy_n1 | title=cuddy | website=Dictionary of the Scots Language}} 3. ^ 4. ^[https://archive.org/details/northumberlandw01heslgoog Volume 1] 5. ^[https://archive.org/stream/northumberlandw00heslgoog#page/n70/mode/2up/search/pitmatic Volume 2] 6. ^1 2 An Atlas of Alexander J. Ellis's The Existing Phonology of English Dialects, http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/EllisAtlas/Index.html, has further details. 7. ^Melvyn Bragg explores Pitmatic in a BBC Radio 4 programme References
External links
5 : Northumberland|North East England|English language in England|Working-class culture in the United Kingdom|Coal mining in England |
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