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词条 Chris Kyle
释义

  1. Early life and education

  2. Military career

     Military sniper  Weapons 

  3. Post-military life

     Defamation lawsuit 

  4. Death

  5. Legacy

  6. Awards and decorations

  7. See also

  8. Bibliography

  9. References

  10. Further reading

  11. Interviews

  12. External links

{{short description|United States Navy SEAL and sniper}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2016}}{{Use American English|date=January 2015}}{{Infobox military person
| name = Chris Kyle
| image = Chris Kyle January 2012.jpg{{!}}border
| caption = Kyle in January 2012
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1974|04|08|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = Odessa, Texas, U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|2|2|1974|4|8|mf=yes}}
| death_place = Erath County, Texas, U.S.
| placeofburial = {{Nowrap|Texas State Cemetery[1]}}
| nickname = "The Legend", "Devil of Ramadi", "Tex"
| birth_name = Christopher Scott Kyle[2]
| branch = United States Navy
| serviceyears = 1999–2009
| rank = Chief Petty Officer[3]
| unit = U.S. Navy SEALs
  • {{small|Sniper element, platoon "Charlie", later changed to "Cadillac", SEAL Team 3}}

| commands =
| battles = Iraq War
  • {{small|Battle of Ramadi}}

| awards = {{plainlist|
  • Silver Star
  • Bronze Star Medal (Valor)
  • Navy and Marine Corps Achievement[3]}}

| relations = {{plainlist|
  • Wayne Kenneth Kyle (father)
  • Deby Lynn Mercer (mother)
  • Children: 2[4]}}

| spouse = {{marriage|Taya Kyle|2002}}[5]
| laterwork = {{plainlist|
  • American Sniper (2012)
  • American Gun (2013)[6]}}

| signature =
}}Christopher Scott Kyle (April 8, 1974 – February 2, 2013) was a United States Navy SEAL and sniper. He served four tours in the Iraq War and was awarded several commendations for acts of heroism and meritorious service in combat. He was awarded one Silver Star Medal, four Bronze Star Medals with "V" devices, a Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal and numerous other unit and personal awards.[3][7]

Kyle was honorably discharged from the U.S. Navy in 2009 and published his bestselling autobiography, American Sniper, in 2012. An eponymous film adaptation of Kyle's book, directed by Clint Eastwood, was released three years later. In 2013, Kyle was murdered by Eddie Ray Routh at a shooting range near Chalk Mountain, Texas called Rough Creek Lodge.[8] A former Marine with posttraumatic stress disorder, Routh was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison without parole.[9]

Early life and education

Kyle was born in Odessa, Texas, the first of two boys born to Deby Lynn (née Mercer) and Wayne Kenneth Kyle, a Sunday school teacher and deacon.[3][10] Kyle's father bought his son his first rifle at 8 years old, a bolt-action .30-06 Springfield rifle, and later a shotgun, with which they hunted deer, pheasant, and quail.[11] Kyle and his brother grew up raising up to 150 head of cattle at a time.[12] Kyle attended high school in Midlothian, Texas,[13] and after graduating, became a professional bronco rodeo rider and ranch hand, but his professional rodeo career ended abruptly when he severely injured his arm.[14]

Military career

Kyle went to a military recruiting office, as he was interested in joining the U.S. Marine Corps special operations. A U.S. Navy recruiter convinced him to try, instead, for the SEALs. Initially, Kyle was rejected because of the pins in his arm, but he eventually received an invitation to the 24-week Basic Underwater Demolition/Sea, Air, Land (SEAL) training (BUD/S) at Coronado, California in 1999.[14] Kyle graduated with class 233 in March 2001.

Assigned to SEAL Team-3, sniper element, Platoon "Charlie" (later "Cadillac"),[15] within the Naval Special Warfare Command, and with four tours of duty, Kyle served in many major battles of the Iraq War.[11] His first long-range kill shot was taken during the initial invasion when he shot a woman carrying a hand grenade approaching a group of Marines. CNN reported that the woman was cradling a toddler in her other hand.[16] As ordered, Kyle opened fire, killing the woman before she could attack.[17] He later stated, "the woman was already dead. I was just making sure she didn't take any Marines with her. It was clear that not only did she want to kill them, but she didn’t care about anybody else nearby who would have been blown up by the grenade or killed in the firefight. Children on the street, people in the houses, maybe her child."[15]

Because of his track record as a marksman during his deployment to Ramadi, the insurgents named Kyle Shaitan Ar-Ramadi (English: "The Devil of Ramadi"), and put a $20,000 bounty on his head that was later increased to $80,000. They posted signs highlighting the cross on his arm as a means of identifying him.[11][17]

In his book, American Sniper, Kyle describes his longest successful shot: in 2008, outside Sadr City, he killed an insurgent sniper aiming at other members of the US military with "a straight-up luck shot" from his McMillan Tac-338 sniper rifle from about {{convert|2,100|yd|m|0}} away.[15]

Kyle became known as "The Legend" among the general infantry and Marines whom he had the task of protecting. The nickname originated among Kyle's fellow SEALs following his taking of a sabbatical to train other snipers in Fallujah, and he was sometimes called "The Myth".[18] During four tours of duty in the Iraq War, he was shot twice and survived six separate IED detonations.[17]

Military sniper

Kyle was arguably one of the United States military's most effective snipers in Iraq with a large number of confirmed and unconfirmed kills. To be counted as confirmed, "They basically had to see the person fall and be clearly dead", according to Jim DeFelice, one of the coauthors of Kyle's autobiography.[19] Kyle's shooter's statements (shooter's statements are filled out by every sniper after a mission) were reported to higher command, who kept them in case any shootings were contested as outside the rules of engagement (ROE).[15] The publisher HarperCollins states: "The Pentagon has officially confirmed more than 150 of Kyle's kills (the previous American record was 109), but it has declined to verify the total number for this book."[20] In his autobiography, Kyle wrote:

The Navy credits me with more kills as a sniper than any other American service member, past or present. I guess that's true. They go back and forth on what the number is. One week, it's 160 (the 'official' number as of this writing, for what that's worth), then it's way higher, then it's somewhere in between. If you want a number, ask the Navy—you may even get the truth if you catch them on the right day.[15][21]

On July 8, 2016, the U.S. Navy corrected Kyle's DD Form 214 regarding some decorations listed on his original discharge document.[22] The original discharge papers issued to him upon leaving the service (a DD-214) tally with his account given in his autobiography, of two Silver Stars and five Bronze Stars with valor. The Navy revised it to one Silver Star and four Bronze Stars with valor.[22] The Navy said "Kyle would have played no role in the production of his personnel files other than signing the DD-214 upon his discharge" and "[a]fter thoroughly reviewing all available records, the Navy determined an error was made" and "issued a corrected copy of the DD214, which accurately reflects Kyle's years of honorable and extraordinary service."[22]

Weapons

As a sniper, Kyle was often asked about his weapons. While in training, he used four different rifles in order to know which weapon was the most useful in the given situation. In the field, he used the following:[15]

  • a semi-automatic 7.62 NATO Mk 11 sniper rifle (patrol)
  • a 5.56 NATO Mk 12 Designated Marksman Rifle modified with the lower receiver of an M4A1 to get a collapsible stock and allow full-auto fire (urban patrol)
  • a .300 Winchester Magnum M24 sniper rifle with McMillan stocks and customized barrels, which was later replaced with a .300 Winchester Magnum Accuracy International.
  • Various rifles chambered in .338 Lapua Magnum used for long-range shooting.

Post-military life

Kyle left the U.S. Navy in 2009, and moved to Midlothian, Texas, with his wife, Taya, and two children.[23] He was president of Craft International, a tactical training company for the U.S. military and law enforcement communities.[24]

In 2012, HarperCollins released Kyle's autobiography, American Sniper.[15] Kyle had initially hesitated to write the book but was persuaded to move forward because other books about SEALs were underway.[25] In his book, Kyle wrote bluntly of his experiences. Of the battle for control of Ramadi he says: "Force moved that battle. We killed the bad guys and brought the leaders to the peace table. That is how the world works."[26] In the book and ensuing interviews, Kyle stated he had no regrets about his work as a sharpshooter, saying, "I had to do it to protect the Marines."[27]

American Sniper had a 37-week run on The New York Times bestseller list and brought Kyle national attention.[28] Following its release, media articles challenged some of Kyle's anecdotes,[29] but the core of his narrative was widely accepted. "Tales of his heroism on the battlefield were already lore in every branch of the armed forces", writes Michael J. Mooney, author of a biography of Kyle.[30]

Kyle paired with FITCO Cares Foundation, a nonprofit organization which created the Heroes Project to provide free in-home fitness equipment, individualized programs, personal training, and life-coaching to in-need veterans with disabilities, Gold Star families, or those suffering from PTSD.[31] On August 13, 2012, Kyle appeared on the reality television show Stars Earn Stripes, which features celebrities pairing up with a Special Operations or law enforcement professional who train them in weapons and combat tactics. Kyle was teamed with actor Dean Cain.[32]

Defamation lawsuit

In Kyle's book American Sniper, Kyle wrote a subchapter titled "Punching Out Scruff Face" about an alleged altercation in a bar. In the book he claims he punched a man he refers to as "Scruff" who told Kyle, "You deserve to lose a few."[29] According to Kyle, the encounter took place at McP's, a bar in Coronado, California, on October 12, 2006, during a wake for Kyle's comrade, Michael A. Monsoor, a U.S. Navy SEAL who had been killed in Iraq.[33] Petty Officer Monsoor would thereafter be posthumously presented the Medal of Honor, on April 8, 2008, for his actions in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom on September 29, 2006.

On January 4, 2012, Kyle appeared on Opie and Anthony to discuss his book.[34] On the show Kyle alleged that the character "Scruff" in his book is former Governor of Minnesota Jesse Ventura.[35][36][37]

Following these allegations, Ventura denied the incident had happened, and filed a lawsuit in January 2012 against Kyle for charges of defamation, appropriation, and unjust enrichment.[38][39] After Kyle was killed the following year, Ventura continued the lawsuit against Kyle's estate.[40]

On July 29, 2014, the jury returned a divided verdict of 8 to 2 that Kyle was liable to Ventura for defamation and unjust enrichment, but not appropriation. The jury concluded that the Kyle estate owed Ventura $500,000 for defamation, and $1.34 million for unjust enrichment.[41][42][43]

Kyle's widow appealed the verdict on behalf of Kyle's estate.[44] Attorneys for Kyle's estate asked the appeals court to throw out the verdict or at least order a new trial, because a lawyer for Ventura told jurors that the $1.8 million judgment would be paid for by Kyle's book publisher's insurance policy, not his estate.[45] In June 2016, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit threw out the $1.8 million in part due to the revelation of the insurance policy by Ventura's attorneys to the jury. The $1.35 million in "unjust enrichment" was overturned and dismissed as being inconsistent with Minnesota law. The $500k defamation suit was remanded back to trial.[46][47]

In December 2017, the case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount.[48]

Death

{{Main|Murders of Chris Kyle and Chad Littlefield}}

On February 2, 2013, Kyle and his friend, Chad Littlefield, 35, were shot and killed by Eddie Ray Routh at the Rough Creek Ranch-Lodge-Resort shooting range in Erath County, Texas.[49] Both Kyle and Littlefield were armed with .45-caliber 1911-style pistols when they were killed, but neither gun had been unholstered or fired, and the safety catches were still on. Kyle was killed with a .45-caliber pistol, while Littlefield was shot with a 9mm SIG Sauer pistol. Both guns belonged to Kyle.[8]

Routh was a 25-year-old U.S. Marine Corps Veteran from Lancaster, Texas.[50] Kyle and Littlefield had reportedly taken Routh to the gun range in an effort to help him with his Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Routh had been in and out of mental hospitals for at least two years and had been diagnosed with schizophrenia.[8] His family also said he suffered from PTSD from his time in the military.[51][52] On the way to the shooting range, Kyle texted Littlefield, "This dude is straight up nuts." Littlefield responded, "Watch my six," military slang meaning "watch my back."[53] Four months later, while he was in his jail cell, Routh shared with former Erath County Sheriff's Deputy Gene Cole: "I was just riding in the back seat of the truck, and nobody would talk to me. They were just taking me to the range, so I shot them. I feel bad about it, but they wouldn't talk to me. I’m sure they've forgiven me."[8]

After the killings, Routh went to his sister's house in Midlothian and told her what he had done. His sister, Laura Blevins, called 9-1-1 and told the emergency operator: "They went out to a shooting range ... Like, he's all crazy. He's ... psychotic."[8][54] Local police captured Routh after a short freeway chase, which ended when Routh, who fled the scene in Kyle's Ford F-350 truck, crashed into a police cruiser in Lancaster.[55]

Routh was arraigned February 2, 2013, on two counts of capital murder, and was taken to the Erath County Jail for holding under a $3 million bond.[56] His trial was set to begin May 5, 2014 but was delayed to allow more time to comply with DNA testing requirements.[57] The trial began on February 11, 2015.[58]

A memorial service was held for Kyle at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, on February 11, 2013. He was buried on February 12, 2013, at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, after the funeral cortege journeyed from Midlothian to Austin, more than {{convert|200|mi}}.[59] Hundreds of people, many waving American flags, lined Interstate 35 to view the procession and pay their final respects to Kyle.[60][61]

On February 24, 2015, Routh was found guilty of killing Kyle and Littlefield. The jury returned the verdict after less than three hours of deliberations. Since prosecutors decided beforehand not to seek the death penalty, the trial judge, Jason Cashon, immediately sentenced Routh to life in prison with no possibility of parole.[62][63] Routh is imprisoned at the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Powledge Unit near Palestine, Texas.[64]

Legacy

In August 2013, Texas governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 162, also known as the "Chris Kyle Bill", to recognize military training in the issuance of occupational licenses. The bill had been co-sponsored by Republican Representative Dan Flynn of Van and Democratic Senator Leticia Van de Putte of San Antonio. The ceremony was attended by Kyle's widow Taya.[65]

Sculptor Greg Marra created a memorial statue of Kyle for presentation to his widow. Fundraising for production of the statue was provided by members of the Tea Party movement.[66][67]

Clint Eastwood's film American Sniper (2014) is based on Kyle's autobiography. Kyle is portrayed by Bradley Cooper, and his wife Taya Kyle is portrayed by Sienna Miller.[68] For his portrayal of Kyle, Cooper received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, and the film was nominated in five other categories, including Best Picture.[69] The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing.[70]

On February 2, 2015, exactly two years after Kyle's murder, Texas Governor Greg Abbott declared the day "Chris Kyle Day".[71][72][73] {{Clear}}

Awards and decorations

The Navy revised Chris Kyle's list of awards on June 14, 2016.[3][74][75]

number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Silver Star ribbon.svg{{!}}border|width=106}}number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Bronze Star ribbon.svg|width=106}} ribbon=Navy and Marine Corps Achievement ribbon.svg{{!}}border|width=106}}
number=0|type=award-star |ribbon=Combat Action Ribbon.svg{{!}}border|width=106}}number=2|type=service-star|ribbon=Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg{{!}}border |width=106}}number=2|type=service-star|ribbon=United States Navy Good Conduct Medal ribbon.svg{{!}}border|width=106}}
ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg{{!}}border|width=106}}number=3|type=service-star|ribbon=Iraq Campaign Medal ribbon.svg{{!}}border|width=106}}ribbon=Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary ribbon.svg{{!}}border |width=106}}
ribbon=Global War on Terrorism Service ribbon.svg{{!}}border|width=106}}number=3|type=service-star|ribbon=Sea Service Deployment Ribbon.svg{{!}}border|width=106}}ribbon=United States Navy Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon with expert device.svg{{!}}border|width=106}}
BadgeSEAL Insignia
1st RowSilver StarBronze Star Medal (4) w/ Combat VNavy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal w/ Combat V
2nd RowCombat Action RibbonNavy Unit Commendation w/ 2 service starsNavy Good Conduct Medal w/ 2 service stars
3rd RowNational Defense Service MedalIraq Campaign Medal w/ 3 campaign starsGlobal War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
4th RowGlobal War on Terrorism Service MedalSea Service Deployment Ribbon w/ 3 service starsRifle Marksmanship Medal (Expert)
BadgeNavy and Marine Corps Parachutist Insignia

See also

{{Portal|Texas|United States Navy}}
  • List of snipers
  • Longest recorded sniper kills
  • Posttraumatic stress disorder

Bibliography

  • Kyle, Chris; McEwen, Scott; DeFelice, Jim (2013). American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in U.S. Military History. New York: W. Morrow, 2012. {{ISBN|0-062-08235-3}} {{OCLC|733224029}}
  • Kyle, Chris; Doyle, William (2013). American Gun: A History of the U.S. in Ten Firearms. New York: William Morrow, 2013. {{ISBN|0-0622-4271-7}} {{OCLC|813286737}}

References

1. ^{{cite news|title=Procession escorts ex-Navy SEAL Kyle to burial|author=Jamie Stengle|author2=Paul J. Weber|author3=Angela K. Brown|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.armytimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2013302120301|newspaper=Army Times|date=February 12, 2013|accessdate=February 15, 2013}}
2. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/chris-kyle-navy-seal-and-author-of-american-sniper-dies/2013/02/03/f838bcfc-6e22-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story.html|title=Chris Kyle, Navy Seal and author of 'American Sniper', dies|work=The Washington Post|last=Bernstein|first=Adam|quote=Christopher Scott Kyle was born in 1974|date=February 4, 2013}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Larter|first1=David|title=Navy: SEAL Chris Kyle never earned a 2nd Silver Star|url=http://www.navytimes.com/story/military/2016/07/08/chris-kyle-dd-214-silver-star-bronze-star-navy/86465044/|website=Navy Times|accessdate=July 11, 2016|date=July 8, 2016}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/american-sniper-widow-recalls-heartbreaking-moment-kids-learned-navy-seal-dad-chris-kyle-had-been-killed-132770/|title='American Sniper' Widow Recalls Heartbreaking Moment Kids Learned Navy SEAL Dad Chris Kyle Had Been Killed|work=Christian Post|accessdate=January 30, 2015}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cemetery.state.tx.us/pub/user_form.asp?pers_id=11781|title=Taya Renae Kyle profile|publisher=Cemetery.state.tx.us|accessdate=July 22, 2013}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=American Gun|date=June 2013|publisher=HarperCollins|authors=Kyle, Chris & Doyle, William |url=https://m.harpercollins.com/9780062242716/american-gun}}
7. ^{{cite web|last1=Brook|first1=Tom Vanden|title=Navy lowers medal count for SEAL Chris Kyle|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/07/08/navy-lowers-medal-count-seal-chris-kyle/86468402/|work=USA Today|accessdate=July 9, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708215219/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/07/08/navy-lowers-medal-count-seal-chris-kyle/86468402/|archivedate=July 8, 2016|date=July 8, 2016|dead-url=no}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|last1=Lamothe|first1=Dan|title=The fatal intersection of Navy SEAL Chris Kyle and the Marine veteran who killed him|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/02/13/first-days-of-american-sniper-murder-trial-leave-questions-unanswered/|accessdate=January 14, 2016|work=The Washington Post|date=February 13, 2015}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/eddie-ray-routh-found-guilty-in-death-of-american-snipers-chris-kyle-2015252 |title= Eddie Ray Routh Found Guilty of Murder in Shooting Death of American Sniper's Chris Kyle|work=Us Weekly |author=Madeline Boardman |date=February 25, 2015 |accessdate=March 10, 2015 }}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V8KW-VP1|title=Christopher Scott Kyle, Texas, Birth Index, 1903-1997|publisher=FamilySearch|accessdate=January 4, 2015}}
11. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/meet_the_big_shot_BxlVpxzQijkC9mwZcmwkrN|title=Meet the big shot – SEAL is America's deadliest sniper|author=Buiso, Gray|date=January 1, 2012|accessdate=January 3, 2012|work=New York Post}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pbr.com/en/news/features/other-features/2014/1/pbr-legends-ross-coleman-and-luke-snyder-assisting-with-chris-kyle-memorial-roping-auction.aspx|title=CHRIS KYLE HAD A LOVE FOR THE COWBOY LIFESTYLE|work=Professional Bull Riders|date=January 29, 2014|accessdate=May 28, 2016|first=Keith Ryan|last=Cartwright}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2Op0C9hXA0C&pg=PT13&lpg=PT13&dq=chris+kyle+high+school+football#v=onepage&q=chris%20kyle%20high%20school%20football|title=The Life and Legend of Chris Kyle: American Sniper, Navy SEAL|accessdate=January 30, 2015}}
14. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/special-operations/special-operations-forces-veteran-chris-kyle.html |title=Special Operations Forces Profile: Chris Kyle|publisher=Military.com |accessdate=March 10, 2015 }}
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|author1=Kyle, Chris |author2=McEwen, Scott |author3=DeFelice, Chris |title=American Sniper|publisher=Harper Collins|date=February 5, 2012|isbn=0-06-208235-3}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/03/us/texas-sniper-killed-kyle-profile/index.html |title = 'Chris Kyle, America's deadliest sniper, offered no regrets' |date=February 5, 2013|accessdate=January 1, 2015}}
17. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8990552/The-Devil-of-Rahmadi-named-Americas-deadliest-sniper.html|title='The Devil of Ramadi' named America's deadliest sniper|author=Sanchez, Raf|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=January 2, 2012|accessdate=January 2, 2012|location=London}}
18. ^{{cite book|author=Kyle, Chris|title=American Sniper|publisher=HarperCollins|date=2012}}
19. ^{{cite news|last1=Briggs |first1=Bill |title=Confirmed kills: A solemn secret for military snipers is becoming a pop-culture hit |url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/30/19679964-confirmed-kills-a-solemn-secret-for-military-snipers-is-becoming-a-pop-culture-hit? |accessdate=September 5, 2014 |publisher=NBC News |date=July 30, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902113212/http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/30/19679964-confirmed-kills-a-solemn-secret-for-military-snipers-is-becoming-a-pop-culture-hit |archivedate=September 2, 2013 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite web|title=About The Book|url=http://harpercollins.com/books/American-Sniper/?isbn=9780062082350|work=American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in U.S. Military History|publisher=HarperCollins|accessdate=June 22, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111232749/http://www.harpercollins.com/books/American-Sniper/?isbn=9780062082350 |archivedate=January 11, 2012}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehistoryreader.com/military-history/chris-kyle-al-shaitan-iraq/|title=Chris Kyle: al-Shaitan of Iraq|date=March 14, 2012|accessdate=February 13, 2013}}
22. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Crawford|first=Jamie|publisher=CNN|title=Navy: 'American Sniper' medal count corrected|accessdate=August 17, 2016}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.harpercollins.com/books/American-Sniper/?isbn=9780062082350 |title=American Sniper |author1=Kyle, Chris |author2=McEwen, Scott |author3=DeFelice, Chris |publisher=Harper Collins |date=January 2, 2012 |accessdate=January 2, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111232749/http://www.harpercollins.com/books/American-Sniper/?isbn=9780062082350 |archivedate=January 11, 2012 |df= }}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://webarchiveproject.org/10904/ |title=Craft International |accessdate=August 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420202348/http://webarchiveproject.org/10904/ |archivedate=April 20, 2016 |df= }}
25. ^{{cite news|last1=Fernandez and Michael Schwirtz|first1=Manny|title=Untouchable in Iraq, Ex-Sniper Dies in a Shooting Back Home|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/us/chris-kyle-american-sniper-author-reported-killed.html|accessdate=January 14, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=February 3, 2013}}
26. ^{{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Scott|title=Book review: 'American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in U.S. Military History' by Chris Kyle, Scott McEwen and Jim DeFelice|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/mar/05/entertainment/la-et-book-20120305|accessdate=January 14, 2015|work=Los Angeles Times|date=March 5, 2012}}
27. ^{{cite news|last1=Botelho|first1=Greg, Joe Johns and Ted Metzger|title=Police: Man accused of killing ex-SEAL said he had PTSD, was hurting|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/04/justice/texas-sniper-killed/|accessdate=January 14, 2015|work=CNN|publisher=CNN.com|date=February 5, 2013}}
28. ^{{cite news|last1=Pulliam Bailey|first1=Sarah|title=Here's the faith in the 'American Sniper' you won't see in the film|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/heres-the-faith-in-the-american-sniper-you-wont-see-in-the-film/2015/01/14/f7c33bd6-9c0a-11e4-86a3-1b56f64925f6_story.html|accessdate=January 14, 2015|work=The Washington Post|date=January 14, 2014}}
29. ^1 {{cite news|last1=LaMothe|first1=Dan|title=Jesse Ventura vs. Chris Kyle: A case where no one won|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/07/30/jesse-ventura-vs-chris-kyle-a-case-where-no-one-won/|accessdate=January 14, 2016|work=The Washington Post|date=July 30, 2014}}
30. ^{{cite news|last1=Hoinski|first1=Michael|title=The Controversial True Story Behind 'American Sniper'|url=http://www.mensjournal.com/adventure/collection/the-controversial-true-story-behind-american-sniper-20141222#ixzz3OpQ9DrL4|accessdate=January 14, 2015|work=Men's Journal Magazine|date=December 22, 2014}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fitcocares.org|title=Fitco Cares|publisher=Fitcocares.org|accessdate=August 10, 2012}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbc.com/stars-earn-stripes/about/bios/chris-kyle|title=Stars Earn Stripes Bio for Chris Kyle|publisher=Nbc.com|accessdate=September 8, 2012}}
33. ^{{Cite book| title = American Sniper| last = Kyle| first = Chris| publisher = HarperCollins| year = 2012| isbn = 978-0062082350| location = |pages = }}
34. ^The Opie & Anthony Show. Sirius XM. January 4, 2012. Satellite Radio.
35. ^{{cite news|last1=Staff|title=Court tosses out Jesse Ventura's $1.8mn verdict against 'American Sniper'|url=https://www.rt.com/usa/346547-ventura-american-sniper-award/|accessdate=June 13, 2016|work=RT International|agency=Associated Press|publisher=TV-Novosti|date=June 13, 2016|language=en-EN}}
36. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2012/01/05/what-caused-a-navy-seal-to-punch-jesse-ventura-in-the-face/| title=Why Did the 'Deadliest' SEAL Sniper Punch Jesse Ventura in the Face?| author=Mike Opelka| work=The Blaze}}
37. ^{{cite web| last1=Stern| first1=Mark Joseph| title=American Liar 38.3k 251 1.5k Why Jesse Ventura is likely to collect millions from Chris Kyle's American Sniper.| url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2015/01/american_sniper_lawsuit_chris_kyle_told_lies_about_jesse_ventura.html| website=Slate.com| publisher=The Slate Group LLC| accessdate=March 7, 2015}}
38. ^{{cite news| last=Browning| first=Dan| title=Jesse Ventura aims to get even with Navy SEAL in court| url=http://www.startribune.com/local/140362163.html| work=Star Tribune| date=February 24, 2012| accessdate=June 9, 2013}}
39. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/ventura-verdict| title=The Ventura Verdict| date=July 30, 2014| work=The New Yorker |accessdate=January 30, 2015}}
40. ^{{cite web| last=Chasmar| first=Jessica| title=Ex-Minn. Gov. Jesse Ventura sues Navy SEAL Chris Kyle's widow| url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jun/2/ex-minn-gov-jesse-ventura-sues-navy-seal-chris-kyl| work=The Washington Times| date=June 2, 2013| accessdate=June 9, 2013}}
41. ^{{cite court |litigants=Jesse Ventura v. Chris Kyle |date=August 7, 2014 |court=District of Minnesota United States District Court |url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/1268004/jesse-ventura-order.pdf |accessdate=April 12, 2016}}
42. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20140729-breaking-jury-awards-jesse-ventura-1.8-million-in-american-sniper-lawsuit.ece| title=Jury awards Jesse Ventura $1.8 million in 'American Sniper' lawsuit| work=The Dallas Morning News| date=July 29, 2014| accessdate=July 29, 2014}}
43. ^{{cite news| title=Chris Kyle trial: Jesse Ventura wins $1.8 million in defamation case| url=http://www.oregonlive.com/lake-oswego/index.ssf/2014/07/chris_kyle_trial_jurors_warn_t.html| agency=Associated Press| work=The Oregonian| date=July 29, 2014| accessdate=April 12, 2016}}
44. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/12/23/american-sniper-appeal| title='American Sniper' widow to appeal Ventura defamation verdict| publisher=Mprnews.org| date=December 23, 2014 | accessdate=December 25, 2014}}
45. ^{{cite news| work=Fox News Insider| url=http://insider.foxnews.com/2015/10/20/jesse-ventura-estate-american-sniper-chris-kyle-back-court-appeal| date=October 20, 2015| title=Here's Why Jesse Ventura Could Lose Lawsuit Against Chris Kyle's Estate on Appeal}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/06/13/court-throws-out-1-8-million-judgment-against-american-sniper-chris-kyles-estate/|title=Court throws out $1.8 million judgment against ‘American Sniper’ Chris Kyle’s estate}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://media.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/16/06/143876P.pdf|title=No. 14-3876}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://insider.foxnews.com/2017/12/05/jesse-ventura-slams-american-liar-chris-kyle-after-settling-lawsuit|title=Jesse Ventura Slams 'American Liar' Chris Kyle After Settling Lawsuit}}
49. ^{{cite web|title=Noted sniper slain at Erath County gun range|url=http://www.fox4news.com/story/20944143/decorated-war-hero-shot-and-killed-in-erath-county|publisher=Fox4News|date=February 5, 2013|accessdate=March 10, 2015}}
50. ^{{cite web |last=Collins |first=Laura |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2892777/He-d-death-penalty-sit-bars-forever-Father-veteran-killed-American-Sniper-Chris-Kyle-tells-mourning-loss-son.html|title=Father of Chris Kyle killer Eddie Ray Routh is already mourning the loss of his son |date=February 2, 2013 |work=Daily Mail |accessdate=January 4, 2015}}
51. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/us/chris-kyle-american-sniper-author-reported-killed.html |title='American Sniper' Author Shot to Death in Texas |accessdate=February 3, 2013 |date=February 3, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |last=Schwirtz|first=Michael}}
52. ^{{cite web|title=Man charged in fatal shooting of ex-SEAL/author|url=https://news.yahoo.com/man-charged-fatal-shooting-ex-seal-author-150201265.html |publisher=Yahoo! News |accessdate=February 3, 2013 |date=February 3, 2013}}
53. ^{{cite web|title=Chris Kyle's Widow Breaks Down on the Stand and the Chilling Text Message |work=ABC News |accessdate=June 14, 2014 |date=February 11, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbjS6PuQbG4}}
54. ^{{cite book|title=The Enemy Within: The Inside Story of Eddie Routh, the Man Accused of Killing Legendary "American Sniper" Chris Kyle|first=Laura|last=Beil|publisher=Rodale |date=November 5, 2013}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Author of 'American Sniper' among the dead at Rough Creek |url=http://www.yourstephenvilletx.com/news/local/article_01e35c44-6dab-11e2-a2e9-0019bb2963f4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108181540/http://www.yourstephenvilletx.com:80/news/local/article_01e35c44-6dab-11e2-a2e9-0019bb2963f4.html |archive-date=January 8, 2015 |date=February 2, 2013 |work=Your Stephen Ville |access-date=February 3, 2013}}
56. ^{{cite news |author=Copeland, Larry |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/03/chris-kyle-navy-seal-dead/1887327 |title=Ex-SEAL Chris Kyle remembered after shooting death |date=February 3, 2013 |newspaper=USA Today}}
57. ^{{cite web |title=Chris Kyle Murder Trial Delayed |url=http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/Chris-Kyle-Murder-Trial-Delayed-257713261.html |work=Local News |date=May 2, 2014 |publisher=nbcdfw.com |accessdate=May 4, 2014}}
58. ^{{cite news |last1=Jervis|first1=Rick |title=At 'American Sniper' murder trial, a psychosis defense |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/02/11/trial-chris-kyle-american-sniper-first-day/23197935/ |accessdate=February 12, 2015 |work=USA TODAY |date=February 12, 2015}}
59. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/Thousands-Expected-for-Kyle-Procession-Tuesday-190770121.html |title=Chris Kyle Funeral Procession Arrives in Austin. NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth |publisher=Nbcdfw.com |date=February 12, 2013 |accessdate=July 15, 2014}}
60. ^{{cite web |url=http://thescoopblog.dallasnews.com/2013/02/details-announed-for-navy-seal-chris-kyles-memorial-service-at-cowboys-stadium.html/|title=Details announced for Navy SEAL Chris Kyle's memorial service at Cowboys Stadium|work=The Scoop Blog|accessdate=January 4, 2015}}
61. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kwtx.com/ourtown/communities/temple/headlines/Funeral-Procession-For-Slain-SEAL-Sniper-Will-Pass-Through-Central-Texas-190594921.html |title=Residents Line I-35 to Pay Respects to Slain Navy SEAL |date=February 12, 2013 |publisher=Kwtx.com |accessdate=January 4, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224233627/http://www.kwtx.com/ourtown/communities/temple/headlines/Funeral-Procession-For-Slain-SEAL-Sniper-Will-Pass-Through-Central-Texas-190594921.html |archivedate=December 24, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}
62. ^{{cite news |last1=Kalthoff|first1=Ken |last2=Mone|first2=John L. |title=Jury Returns Guilty Verdict in 'American Sniper' Trial |url=http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/Closing-Arguments-Begin-in-Eddie-Ray-Routh-Murder-Trial-293918521.html |accessdate=February 25, 2015 |publisher= NBCUniversal Media |date=February 25, 2015}}
63. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/02/24/us/american-sniper-chris-kyle-trial/ | title=Jury finds Eddie Ray Routh guilty in 'American Sniper' case | publisher=CNN | date=February 24, 2015 | accessdate=February 24, 2015 | author=Ed Payne, Dana Ford and Jason Morris}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://offender.tdcj.texas.gov/OffenderSearch/offenderDetail.action?sid=08977806 |title=Routh, Eddie Ray |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227190257/http://offender.tdcj.texas.gov/OffenderSearch/offenderDetail.action?sid=08977806 |work=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |accessdate=December 28, 2015 |archivedate=December 27, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
65. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/113722/perry-signs-chris-kyle-bill-allows-military-experience-texas-state-licenses |title=Perry signs 'Chris Kyle Bill,' allows military experience for Texas state licenses|last1=Fountain |first1=Phil |date=August 28, 2013 |website=Defense Video & Imagery Distribution System |publisher=United States Department of Defense |accessdate=January 24, 2015}}
66. ^{{cite news |last=Lilley |first=Kevin |date=March 17, 2013 |title=Chris Kyle statue created for SEAL's widow |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/03/17/chris-kyle-statue/1995555/ |newspaper=USA Today |accessdate=January 24, 2015}}
67. ^{{cite news |last=Harper |first=Jennifer |date=November 10, 2013 |title=Tea party to honor fallen SEALs Chris Kyle, those at Benghazi with sculptures |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/nov/10/to-seals-sculptor-spirits-of-heroes-are-still-aliv/?page=all |newspaper=The Washington Times |accessdate=January 24, 2015}}
68. ^{{cite news|last1=Verrier|first1=Richard|title=Eastwood starts shooting 'American Sniper' at Santa Clarita ranch|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-on-location-american-sniper-20140423-story.html|accessdate=August 5, 2014|work=Los Angeles Times|date=April 23, 2014}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2015/01/oscar-nominations-2015-full-list-academy-award-nominees-1201350619/|title=Oscar Nominations 2015: Full List Of 87th Academy Award Nominees|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|work=Deadline|date=January 15, 2015|accessdate=January 30, 2015}}
70. ^{{cite news |last=Chumley |first=Cheryl K. |title=‘American Sniper’ wins Academy Award — for sound editing |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/feb/23/american-sniper-wins-academy-award-for-sound-editi/ |newspaper=The Washington Times|date=February 23, 2015 |accessdate=February 23, 2015 }}
71. ^{{cite web|last=Holley|first=Peter|date=February 2, 2015|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/01/31/texas-governor-declares-feb-2-chris-kyle-day/|title=Texas Gov. Greg Abbott Declares 'Chris Kyle Day' As 'American Sniper' Continues to Surge|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=February 7, 2015}}
72. ^{{cite web|agency=Associated Press |date=January 30, 2015 |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/01/30/greg-abbott-declares-feb-2-chris-kyle-day |title=Greg Abbott Declares Feb. 2 'Chris Kyle Day' |work=U.S. News & World Report |accessdate=February 7, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110083955/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/01/30/greg-abbott-declares-feb-2-chris-kyle-day |archivedate=January 10, 2016 |df= }}
73. ^{{cite web|last=Howell|first=Kellan|date=January 30, 2015|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/30/greg-abbott-declares-chris-kyle-day-in-texas/|title=Gov. Abbott Declares 'Chris Kyle Day' in Texas: 'We Honor Our Military Heroes'|work=The Washington Times|accessdate=February 7, 2015}}
74. ^{{cite web|last1=Ware|first1=Doug G.|title=American Sniper Kyle Received 2 Fewer Medals than Claimed, US Navy Says|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2016/07/11/American-Sniper-Kyle-received-2-fewer-medals-than-claimed-US-Navy-says/5121468265595/|website=UPI.com|publisher=UPI|accessdate=16 November 2017|date=11 July 2016}}
75. ^{{cite web|title=Kyle DD214 New|url=http://ec.militarytimes.com/static/pdfs/Kyle_dd-214_new.pdf|website=Navy Times|accessdate=July 11, 2016|date=July 8, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803153611/http://ec.militarytimes.com/static/pdfs/Kyle_dd-214_new.pdf |archivedate=August 3, 2016}}

Further reading

  • {{cite news|author=French, David|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/349817/we-need-more-extremists-chris-kyle-david-french |title=We Need More 'Extremists' Like Chris Kyle|date=May 31, 2013|work=National Review}}
  • {{cite news|author=Mooney, Michael J., |url=http://www.dmagazine.com/publications/d-magazine/2013/april/the-legend-of-chris-kyle-01 |title=The Legend of Chris Kyle|work=D Magazine|date= April 2013}}
  • Mooney, Michael J., The Life and Legend of Chris Kyle: American Sniper, Navy SEAL (e-book, 70 pp.), Little, Brown and Company (an imprint of Hachette), April 23, 2013
  • {{cite journal |author=Schmidle, Nicholas |date=June 3, 2013 |title=In the crosshairs : Chris Kyle, a decorated sniper, tried to help a troubled veteran. The result was tragic |department=A Reporter at Large |journal=The New Yorker |volume=89 |issue=16 |pages=32–45 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/06/03/in-the-crosshairs |}}

Interviews

  • {{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mmnrk |title=Today, former US Navy Seal sniper Chris Kyle was responsible for 150 officially confirmed deaths in his ten-year military career|authors=Bannister, Matthew (Host) & Kyle, Chris |publisher= BBC World Service |work=Outlook |date= May 1, 2012 }}
  • {{cite news|url=http://www.georgejarkesy.com/2012/03/05/marita-noon-author-of-energy-freedom-and-chris-kyle-american-sniper-join-for-military-monday/|title=Marita Noon – Author of ‘Energy Freedom’ – and Chris Kyle ‘American Sniper’ – Join for Military Monday|date=March 5, 2012|work=The George Jarkesy Radio Show|authors=Jarkesy, George (Host) & Noon, Marita & Kyle, Chris|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130124071327/http://www.georgejarkesy.com/2012/03/05/marita-noon-author-of-energy-freedom-and-chris-kyle-american-sniper-join-for-military-monday/|archivedate=January 24, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
  • {{cite news|url=http://www.c-span.org/video/?305347-1/author-chris-kyle-american-sniper |work=Book TV|publisher=C-SPAN |date=April 7, 2012|title=Book Discussion on American Sniper |authors= Slen, Peter (Host C-SPAN) & Kyle, Chris (Veteran U.S. Navy) }}

External links

{{commons category|Chris Kyle}}
  • {{cite book|publisher=HarperCollins|url=http://www.harpercollins.com/9780062238863/american-sniper |title=American Sniper|date=2012}}
  • {{IMDb title|2179136|American Sniper}}
  • {{Find a Grave|104551833}}
  • Craft International at thecraft.com, tactical training company Kyle founded to serve the U.S. military and law enforcement communities.
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kyle, Chris}}

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