| 词条 | Christina Miller |
| 释义 |
Dr Christina Cruikshank Miller FRSE (29 August 1899 – 16 July 2001) was a Scottish chemist and one of the first five women (also the first female chemist) elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (7 March 1949).[1] Christina Miller was deaf from childhood and also lost the sight of one eye in a laboratory explosion in 1930. The Christina Miller Building within Edinburgh University's Kings Buildings is named in her honour.[2] Early lifeChristina Cruikshank Miller (Chrissie Miller) was born in 1899 in Coatbridge, Scotland to a stationmaster and was the eldest of two sisters. She suffered from measles and rubella at the age of five, causing her hearing to become damaged[1] which became progressively worse throughout her life. Christina became interested in studying chemistry after reading a magazine article which showed industrial analytical chemistry as a potential career choice for women.[3] Originally she had hopes to pursue a career in teaching but unfortunately her disabilities prevented this. EducationChristina simultaneously studied on a three-year degree course at Edinburgh University (1917-1920) and a four-year diploma course at Heriot-Watt College (1917-1921),[3] now Heriot-Watt University, which took the form of evening classes during the First World War, during this period she was one of only three women to get a diploma in chemistry. In 1920 she graduated from Edinburgh University with a Bsc with special distinction,[3] won the class medal and was awarded the Vans Dunlop Scholarship which allowed her to undertake research for her PhD.[1][4] She then went on to graduate from Heriot-Watt College in 1921. She approached Professor Sir James Walker in 1920 in the hopes of working under him at Edinburgh University and he instructed her to return in 1921 once she had learned German as much of the important literature of the time was written in German.[3] In 1951 she was the only woman among the 25 first fellowes of Heriot-Watt University.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} ResearchHer PhD work was under the direction of Sir James Walker. She worked on verifying the Stokes-Einstein law for diffusion in solution. She studied how viscosity and temperature affected the diffusion of iodine in various solutions.[5] The work was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society. Post PhD, Miller changed topic to working on phosphorus trioxide. In 1928 she obtained the first ever sample of pure Phosphorus trioxide[6] and showed the luminescence observed in previous samples was due to the presence of dissolved phosphorus. The paper was awarded the Keith Medal from the Royal Society of Edinburgh.[1] The success of this work led to her achieving her ambition to obtain a DSc before the age of 30. She was described by a leading inorganic chemist of that time as the greatest advance in knowledge of the topic in the last 20 years.[7] The research into phosphorus trioxide was curtailed following an explosion in which she lost the sight in one eye.[1] Following this Dr Miller focused on developing techniques for Microanalysis. She focused on using these techniques to analyse rocks and metals.[8] According to Ann Jones "Christina Miller was a true trailblazer. She made pioneering discoveries in analytical chemistry when this field was still very much a male preserve, and was an inspirational teacher and a mentor to generations of students.'[9] In 1933 she was appointed director of the teaching laboratory and, through her commitment to innovation and new technology, strove to ensure that chemistry students received a thorough grounding in analytical chemistry.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} In 1949 she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Her proposers were Sir James Pickering Kendall, Sir Edmund Hirst, John Edwin MacKenzie and J. Norman Davidson. She won the Society's Keith Medal for the period 1927-29.[10] Honours and awards
RetirementChristina ended her career in 1961 due to her own health issues[11] and to care for her mother and sister. References in art and cultureChrissie Miller appears as a character in the opera Breathe Freely by Scottish Composer Julian Wagstaff[12] (The opera's title is borrowed from a book of the same name by fellow chemist James Kendall). References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|title=Christina Cruickshank Miller|url=http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/obits_alpha/miller_christina.pdf|work=Royal Society of Edinburgh|publisher=Royal Society of Edinburgh|accessdate=3 December 2013}} {{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Miller, Christina Cruickshank}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/christina-miller|title=Christina Cruikshank Miller (1899 - 2001)|website=ed.ac.uk}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Raynor-Canham|first=Marlene|title=Chemistry Was Their Life: Pioneering British Chemists, 1880-1949|year=2008|publisher=Imperial College Press|pages=286–288}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Cruickshank|first=Miller, Christina|date=1924|title=Diffusion in solution|url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/22491|language=en}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last=Cruickshank Miller|first=Christina|title=The Stokes Einstein Law for Diffusion in Solution|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society|date=December 1924|page=724|doi=10.1098/rspa.1924.0100|bibcode=1924RSPSA.106..724M}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=Christina Cruiokshank|title=The preparation and properties of pure phosphorus trioxide|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)|year=1928|pages=1847|doi=10.1039/JR9280001847}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=|title=the guardian|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Obiturary Chrissie Miller|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/jul/30/guardianobituaries.physicalsciences|work=The Guardian|accessdate=3 December 2013}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://heriotwattalumni.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/do-you-remember-chemistry-trailblazer-christina-miller/|title=Do You Remember…? Chemistry Trailblazer Christina Miller|last=Harry|date=2013-07-30|website=The Watt Club|access-date=2017-06-14}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}} 11. ^{{cite web|last=Loney|first=Harry|title=Do You Remember…? Chemistry Trailblazer Christina Miller|url=http://thewattclub.hw.ac.uk/tag/fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh/|publisher=Heriot-Watt University|accessdate=3 December 2013}} 12. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/arts/news/polish-forces-chemist-subject-of-scots-opera-1-3108634 | title=The Scotsman, 24 September 2013 | location=Edinburgh | first=Shan | last=Ross | date=24 September 2013 | accessdate=8 January 2014}} 8 : 1899 births|2001 deaths|Alumni of the University of Edinburgh|Alumni of Heriot-Watt University|Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|Scottish centenarians|Scottish chemists|Women chemists |
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