“Plasma window”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The plasma window (not to be confused with a plasma shield^[1]) is a technology that fills a volume of space with plasma confined by a magnetic field. With current technology, this volume is quite small and the plasma is generated as a flat plane inside a cylindrical space.

Plasma is any gas whose atoms or molecules have been ionized, and is a separate phase of matter. This is most commonly achieved by heating the gas to extremely high temperatures, although other methods exist. Plasma becomes increasingly viscous at higher temperatures, to the point where other matter has trouble passing through.

A plasma window's viscosity allows it to separate gas at standard atmospheric pressure from a total vacuum, and can reportedly withstand a pressure difference of up to nine atmospheres.^[2] At the same time, the plasma window will allow radiation such as lasers and electron beams to pass. This property is the key to the plasma window's usefulness — the technology of the plasma window permits for radiation that can only be generated in a vacuum to be applied to objects in an atmosphere.^[3]^[4] Electron-beam welding is a major application of plasma windows, making EBW practical outside a hard vacuum.

History

The plasma window was invented at Brookhaven National Laboratory^[5] by Ady Hershcovitch and patented in 1995.^[6]

Plasma valve

A related technology is the plasma valve, invented shortly after the plasma window. A plasma valve is a layer of gas in the shell of a particle accelerator. The ring of a particle accelerator contains a vacuum, and ordinarily a breach of this vacuum is disastrous. If, however, an accelerator equipped with plasma valve technology breaches, the gas layer is ionized within a nanosecond, creating a seal that prevents the accelerator's recompression. This gives researchers time to shut off the particle beam in the accelerator and slowly recompress the accelerator ring to avoid damage.

Properties

The physical properties of the plasma window vary depending on application. The initial patent cited temperatures around {{convert|15,000|K|C F}}.

The only limit to the size of the plasma window are current energy limitations as generating the window consumes around 20 kilowatts per inch (8 kW/cm) in the diameter of a round window.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

The plasma window emits a bright glow, with the color being dependent on the gas used.

Similarity to "force fields"

In science fiction, such as the television series Star Trek, a fictional technology known as the "force field" is often used as a device. In some cases it is used as an external "door" to hangars on spacecraft, to prevent the ship's internal atmosphere from venting into outer space. Plasma windows could theoretically serve such a purpose if enough energy were available to produce them. The StarTram proposal plans on use of a power-demanding MHD window over a multi-meter diameter launch tube periodically, but briefly at a time, to prevent excessive loss of vacuum during the moments when a mechanical shutter temporarily opens in advance of a hypervelocity spacecraft.^[8]

See also

Other sources

Bibliography

References

1. ^{{cite news| last = Shiga| first =David| title =Plasma bubble could protect astronauts on Mars trip| work =| pages =| language =| publisher =New Scientist| date =2006-07-17| url =https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9567-plasma-bubble-could-protect-astronauts-on-mars-trip.html| accessdate = 2008-04-02}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17823904.800-hot-mettle.html?full=true |title=Hot mettle |publisher=Newscientist.com |accessdate=2015-05-04}}
3. ^{{cite news| last =| first =| title = Plasma Window Technology for Propagating Particle Beams and Radiation from Vacuum to Atmosphere| work =| pages =| language =| publisher = Nasa Tech Briefs| date =1998-05-01| url =http://www.techbriefs.com/content/view/1834/32/| accessdate = 2008-04-02}}
4. ^{{cite news| last = Kaku| first =Michio| title =Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration into the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation, and Time Travel| work =| pages = | language =| publisher =The Wall Street Journal| date =2008-03-14| url =https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120534908289431017?mod=googlenews_wsj| accessdate = 2008-04-02}}
5. ^{{cite news| last =| first =| title =Hot mettle| work =| pages =| language =| publisher =New Scientist| date =2003-04-12| url =https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17823904.800-hot-mettle.html| accessdate = 2008-04-02}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5578831.PN.&OS=PN/5578831&RS=PN/5578831|title= United States Patent: 5578831:Hershcovitch (November 26, 1996) Method and apparatus for charged particle propagation|publisher=Patft.uspto.gov|accessdate=2016-03-01}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6528948.PN.&OS=PN/6528948&RS=PN/6528948|title= United States Patent: 6528948:Hershcovitch (March 4, 2003) Plasma valve|publisher=Patft.uspto.gov|accessdate=2016-03-01}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.startram.com/resources|title=StarTram2010: Maglev Launch: Ultra Low Cost Ultra High Volume Access to Space for Cargo and Humans|publisher=startram.com|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/bulletin/1996/bb101896.pdf |format=PDF |title=BNL Wins R&D 100 Award for 'Plasma Window' |publisher=Bnl.gov |accessdate=2015-05-04}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasatech.com/Briefs/May98/0598ETB1.html |title=Plasma Window Technology for Propagating Particle Beams and Radiation from Vacuum to Atmosphere - Nasa Tech Briefs :: NASA Tech Briefs |publisher=Nasatech.com |date=2007-05-15 |accessdate=2015-05-04}}