| 词条 | Platycodon | ||||||||
| 释义 |
| image = Platycodon grandiflorum2.jpg | display_parents = 2 | genus = Platycodon | parent_authority = A.DC. | species = grandiflorus | authority = (Jacq.) A.DC. | synonyms = Campanula gentianoides Lam. Campanula glauca Thunb. Campanula grandiflora Jacq. Platycodon autumnalis Decne. Platycodon chinensis Lindl. & Paxton Platycodon glaucus (Thunb.) Nakai Platycodon mariesii (Lynch) Wittm. Platycodon sinensis Lem. }}Platycodon grandiflorus (from Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|πλατύς}} "wide" and {{lang|grc|κώδων}} "bell") is a species of herbaceous flowering perennial plant of the family Campanulaceae, and the only member of the genus Platycodon. It is native to East Asia (China, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East).[1] It is commonly known as balloon flower (referring to the balloon-shaped flower buds),[2][3] Chinese bellflower,[2] or platycodon.[2] DescriptionGrowing to {{convert|60|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall by {{convert|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide, it is an herbaceous perennial with dark green leaves and blue flowers in late summer. A notable feature of the plant is the flower bud, which swells like a balloon before fully opening.[4] The five petals are fused together into a bell shape at the base, like its relatives, the campanulas. CultivationThis plant is hardy down to {{convert|-15 |C|F|abbr=on}}, and can therefore be cultivated in all temperate zones. It dies down completely in winter, reappearing in late spring and flowering in summer. However, plants are widely available from nurseries in full flower from April onwards. Though the species has blue flowers, there are varieties with white, pink, and purple blooms.[5] In Korea, white flowers are more common. This plant,[6] together with its cultivars 'Apoyama group'[7] and 'Mariesii',[8] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[9] UsesCulinaryKoreaIn Korea, the plant as well as its root are referred to as {{transl|ko|doraji}} ({{lang|ko|도라지}}). The root, fresh or dried, is one of the most common {{transl|ko|namul}} vegetables. It is also one of the most frequent ingredients in bibimbap. Sometimes, rice is cooked with balloon flower root to make {{transl|ko|doraji-bap}}. Preparation of the root always involves soaking and washing (usually rubbing it with coarse sea salt and rinsing it multiple times), which gets rid of the bitter taste. The root is also used to make desserts, such as {{transl|ko|doraji-jeonggwa}}. Syrup made from the root, called {{transl|ko|doraji-cheong}} (balloon flower root honey), can be used to make {{transl|ko|doraji-cha}} (balloon flower root tea). The root can be used to infuse liquor called {{transl|ko|doraji-sul}}, typically using distilled soju or other unflavored hard alcohol that has an ABV higher than 30% as a base. Medicinal{{medical citations needed|section|date=July 2015}}The extracts and purified platycoside compounds (saponins) from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties.[10] Evidence for these potential effects was mainly observed in vitro, with the exception of cholesterol lowering effects documented in vitro and in rats. The lack of efficacy and limited safety data in humans, however, necessitate further research. ChinaThe Chinese bellflower (called {{lang|zh|桔梗}} in Chinese) is also used in traditional Chinese medicine. In China, they are used as a cough suppressant and expectorant for common colds, cough, sore throat, tonsillitis, and chest congestion.[10] KoreaIn Korea, the roots are commonly used for treating bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, diabetes, and other inflammatory diseases.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} CulturalJapanThe bellflower is called {{transl|ja|kikyō}} ({{lang|ja|桔梗}}) in Japanese. Traditionally, it is one of the Seven Autumn Flowers. In addition, the {{nihongo|"Bellflower Seal"|桔梗紋|kikyōmon}} is the crest ({{transl|ja|kamon}}) of some clans. Korea{{Main|Doraji taryeong}}{{transl|ko|Doraji taryeong}} ({{Lang-ko|도라지타령}}) is one of the most popular folk songs in both North and South Korea, and in China among the ethnic Koreans. It is also a well known song in Japan, by the name {{transl|ja|Toraji}} ({{lang-ja|トラジ}}).[11]It is a folk song originated from Eunyul in Hwanghae Province. However, the currently sung version is classified as a Gyeonggi minyo (Gyeonggi Province folk song), as the rhythm and the melody have changed to acquire those characteristics.[12] References1. ^{{EFloras|2|200022990|Platycodon grandiflorus |family=Campanulaceae |first1=Deyuan |last=Hong |first2=Laura L. |last2=Klein |first3=Thomas G. |last3=Lammers}} 2. ^1 2 {{GRIN |accessdate=13 July 2018}} 3. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=Korea National Arboretum|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=578|access-date=6 January 2017|via=Korea Forest Service|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017|df=}} 4. ^http://platycodon.net/ 5. ^{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Platycodon grandiflorus|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3846|accessdate=28 May 2013}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Platycodon grandiflorus 'Apoyama group'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1490|accessdate=28 May 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Platycodon grandiflorus 'Mariesii'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5213|accessdate=28 May 2013}} 9. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 79 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 2 May 2018}} 10. ^1 Nyakudya E.; Jeong JH.; Lee NK.; Jeong YS. (2014) “Platycosides from the Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and Their Health Benefits.” Preventative Nutrition and Food Science 19 (2): 59-68. {{PMID|25054103}}. 11. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520266742|title=Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910‒1945|last=Atkins|first=E. Taylor|publisher=University of California Press|year=2010|isbn=9780520266742|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=163–164|language=English|quote=well-known Korean folk melody, "Toraji T'aryŏng" (known simply as "Toraji" in Japanese)}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0015578|title=도라지타령|last=Han|first=Manyǒng|website=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture|publisher=Academy of Korean Studies|language=ko|trans-title=Doraji taryeong|access-date=7 January 2017}} External links{{Commons|Platycodon grandiflorus}}
8 : Campanuloideae|Flora of China|Flora of Eastern Asia|Flora of Siberia|Garden plants of Asia|Korean vegetables|Medicinal plants|Monotypic Campanulaceae genera |
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