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词条 Cirrate shell
释义

  1. References

  2. Further reading

Cirrate octopuses possess a well-developed internal shell that supports their muscular swimming fins. This is in contrast to the more familiar, finless, incirrate octopuses, in which the shell remnant is either present as a pair of stylets or absent altogether.[1]

The cirrate shell is quite unlike that of any other living cephalopod group and has its own dedicated set of descriptive terms.[2][3] It is usually roughly arch- or saddle-shaped and is rather soft, being similar in consistency to cartilage.[4] Each of the eight extant cirrate genera is characterised by a distinct shell morphology:[5]

  • Cirroteuthidae
    • Cirroteuthis — saddle-shaped, with large wings
    • Cirrothauma — butterfly-shaped
  • Opisthoteuthidae
    • Cirroctopus — V-shaped, lateral wings tapering to fine points
    • Cryptoteuthis — U-shaped, each lateral wing ending in broad lobe with pointed projection[6]
    • Grimpoteuthis — U-shaped, lateral wings ending bluntly
    • Luteuthis — W-shaped
    • Opisthoteuthis — U-shaped, lateral wings usually tapering to fine points but termination complex in certain species[7]
  • Stauroteuthidae
    • Stauroteuthis — U-shaped

The comparatively simple shells of Opisthoteuthidae and Stauroteuthidae are thought to approximate the ancestral shape, with those of Cirroteuthidae being more derived.[8] The shell of Cirroctopus appears transitional in form between those of incirrate octopuses and other cirrates, and resembles the reduced shell of the Late Cretaceous Palaeoctopus newboldi.[8] The paired, rod-shaped stylets of incirrates are evolutionarily derived from the lateral wings and horns of the cirrate shell.[8]

References

1. ^Fuchs, D., C. Ifrim & W. Stinnesbeck (2008). A new Palaeoctopus (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea) from the Late Cretaceous of Vallecillo, north-eastern Mexico, and implications for the evolution of Octopoda. Palaeontology 51(5): 1129–1139. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00797.x}}
2. ^Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (1999). Cephalopoda Glossary. Tree of Life Web Project.
3. ^Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (2002). Cirrate Shell Terminology. Tree of Life Web Project.
4. ^Vecchione, M., K.M. Mangold & R.E. Young (2010). Cirrata Grimpe, 1916. Tree of Life Web Project.
5. ^Collins, M.A. & R. Villanueva (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=R7-TfdYeLEgC&oi=fnd&pg=PA277 Taxonomy, ecology and behaviour of the cirrate octopods]. In: Gibson, R.N., R.J.A. Atkinson & J.D.M. Gordon (eds.) Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen. pp. 277–322.
6. ^Collins, M., R. Villanueva & R.E. Young (2008). Cryptoteuthis Collins, 2004. Tree of Life Web Project.
7. ^Villanueva, R., R.E. Young & M. Vecchione (2008). Opisthoteuthis Verrill 1883. Tree of Life Web Project.
8. ^1 2 Bizikov, V.A. (2004). Evolution of shell in Octopodiformes (Cephalopoda). In: Abstracts of the conference Mollusks of the Northeastern Asia and Northern Pacific: Biodiversity, Ecology, Biogeography and Faunal History. October 4–6, 2004, Vladivostok, Russia. pp. 21–23.

Further reading

{{refbegin|2}}
  • Bizikov, V.A. (2004). The shell in Vampyropoda (Cephalopoda): morphology, functional role and evolution. Ruthenica 3: 1–88.
  • Haas, W. (2002). The evolutionary history of the eight-armed Coleoidea. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, Wien 57: 341–351.
{{refend}}{{Cephalopod anatomy}}

2 : Cephalopod zootomy|Octopuses
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