“Plethodontidae”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Plethodontidae, or lungless salamanders, are a family of salamanders. Most species are native to the Western Hemisphere, from British Columbia to Brazil, although a few species are found in Sardinia, Europe south of the Alps, and South Korea. In terms of number of species, they are by far the largest group of salamanders.^[1]

Biology

A number of features distinguish the plethodontids from other salamanders. Most significantly, they lack lungs, conducting respiration through their skin, and the tissues lining their mouths. Another distinctive feature is the presence of a vertical slit between the nostril and upper lip, known as the "nasolabial groove". The groove is lined with glands, and enhances the salamander's chemoreception.^[1]

Adult lungless salamanders have four limbs, with four toes on the fore limbs, and usually with five on the hind limbs. Many species lack an aquatic larval stage. In many species, eggs are laid on land, and the young hatch already possessing an adult body form. Many species have a projectile tongue and hyoid apparatus, which they can fire almost a body length at high speed to capture prey.

Measured in individual numbers, they are very successful animals where they occur. In some places, they make up the dominant biomass of vertebrates.^[2] An estimated 1.88 billion individuals of the southern redback salamander inhabit just one district of Mark Twain National Forest alone, about 1,400 tons of biomass.^[3] Due to their modest size and low metabolism, they are able to feed on prey such as springtails, which are usually too small for other terrestrial vertebrates. This gives them access to a whole ecological niche with minimal competition from other groups.

Taxonomy

The family Plethodontidae consists of four subfamilies and about 380 species divided among these genera, making up the majority of known salamander species:^[4]

Subfamily

Genus, scientific name, and author

Common name

Species

Bolitoglossinae
{{small|Hallowell, 1856}}

Batrachoseps {{small>Bonaparte, 1839}}

Slender salamanders

center|19}}

Bolitoglossa {{small>Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854}}

Tropical climbing salamanders

center|117}}

Bradytriton {{small>Wake & Elias, 1983}}

Finca Chiblac salamander

center|1}}

Chiropterotriton {{small>Taylor, 1944}}

Splay-foot salamanders

center|12}}

Cryptotriton {{small>García-París & Wake, 2000}}

Hidden salamanders

center|7}}

Dendrotriton {{small>Wake & Elias, 1983}}

Bromeliad salamanders

center|6}}

Nototriton {{small>Wake & Elias, 1983}}

Moss salamanders

center|13}}

Nyctanolis {{small>Elias & Wake, 1983}}

Long-limbed salamanders

center|1}}

Oedipina {{small>Keferstein, 1868}}

Worm salamanders

center|25}}

Parvimolge {{small>Taylor, 1944}}

Tropical dwarf salamanders

center|1}}

Pseudoeurycea {{small>Taylor, 1944}}

False brook salamanders

center|50}}

Thorius {{small>Cope, 1869}}

Minute salamanders

center|23}}

Hemidactyliinae
{{small|Hallowell, 1856}}

Hemidactylium {{small>Tschudi, 1838}}

Four-toed salamander

center|1}}

Plethodontinae
{{small|Gray, 1850}}

Aneides {{small>Baird, 1851}}

Climbing salamanders

center|6}}

Atylodes {{small>Gistel, 1868}}

Sardinian cave salamander

center|1}}

Desmognathus {{small>Baird, 1850}}

Dusky salamanders

center|20}}

Ensatina {{small>Gray, 1850}}

Ensatinas

center|1}}

Hydromantes {{small>Gistel, 1848}}

Web-toed salamanders

center|3}}

Karsenia {{small>Min, Yang, Bonett, Vieites, Brandon & Wake, 2005}}

Korean crevice salamanders

center|1}}

Phaeognathus {{small>Highton, 1961}}

Red Hills salamanders

center|1}}

Plethodon {{small>Tschudi, 1838}}

Slimy and mountain salamanders

center|55}}

Speleomantes {{small>Dubois, 1984}}

European cave salamanders

center|8}}

Spelerpinae
{{small|Cope, 1859}}

Eurycea {{small>Rafinesque, 1822}}

North American brook salamanders

center|27}}

Gyrinophilus {{small>Cope, 1869}}

Spring salamanders

center|4}}

Pseudotriton {{small>Tschudi, 1838}}

Mud and red salamanders

center|3}}

Stereochilus {{small>Cope, 1869}}

Many-lined salamander

center|1}}

Urspelerpes^[5] {{small>Camp, Peterman, Milanovich, Lamb, Maerz & Wake, 2009}}

Patch-nosed salamander

center|1}}

Following a major revision in 2006, the genus Haideotriton was found to be a synonym of Eurycea, while the genera Ixalotriton and Lineatriton were made synonyms of Pseudoeurycea.^[6]

Conservation Status

Conservation Status of Plethodontidae According to IUCN Redlist (2018)

Status

Number of Species

Least Concern

Near Threatened

Vulnerable

Endangered

Critically Endangered

Extinct

Data Deficient

References

1. ^¹{{cite book |editor=Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G.|author= Lanza, B., Vanni, S., & Nistri, A.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 74–75|isbn= 0-12-178560-2}}
2. ^Hairston, N.G., Sr. 1987. Community ecology and salamander guilds. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
3. ^[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141118141858.htm Salamanders a more abundant food source in forest ecosystems than previously thought]
4. ^Min, M.S., S. Y. Yang, R. M. Bonett, D. R. Vieites, R. A. Brandon & D. B. Wake. (2005). Discovery of the first Asian plethodontid salamander. Nature (435), 87-90 (5 May 2005)
5. ^{{cite journal |last=Camp |first=C. D. |authorlink= |year=2009 |title=A new genus and species of lungless salamander (family Plethodontidae) from the Appalachian highlands of the south-eastern United States |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=279 |issue= |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00593.x |url= |display-authors=etal}}
6. ^Frost et al. 2006. THE AMPHIBIAN TREE OF LIFE (http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5781/1/B297.pdf)

Biology

Taxonomy

Conservation Status

References

External links