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词条 Civil law (common law)
释义

  1. See also

  2. References

{{About|law that is not criminal law|other uses|Civil law (disambiguation)}}Civil law is a branch of the law.[1] In common law legal systems such as England and Wales, the law of Pakistan and the law of the United States, the term refers to non-criminal law.[1][2] The law relating to civil wrongs and quasi-contracts is part of the civil law,[3] as is law of property (other than property-related crimes, such as theft or vandalism).[4] Civil law may, like criminal law, be divided into substantive law and procedural law.[5] The rights and duties of persons (natural persons and legal persons) amongst themselves is the primary concern of civil law.[6] It is often suggested that civil proceedings are taken for the purpose of obtaining compensation for injury, and may thus be distinguished from criminal proceedings, whose purpose is to inflict punishment. However, exemplary damages or punitive damages may be awarded in civil proceedings. It was also formerly possible for common informers to sue for a penalty in civil proceedings.[7]

Because some courts have both civil and criminal jurisdiction, civil proceedings cannot be defined as those taken in civil courts.[8] In the United States, the expression "civil courts" is used as a shorthand for "trial courts in civil cases".[9]

In England, the burden of proof in civil proceedings is, in general—with a number of exceptions such as committal proceedings for civil contempt—proof on a balance of probabilities.[10] In civil cases in the law of the Maldives, the burden of proof requires the plaintiff to convince the court of the plaintiff's entitlement to the relief sought. This means that the plaintiff must prove each element of the claim, or cause of action in order to recover.[11]

See also

  • Outline of civil law (common law)
  • Civil code
  • Administrative law
  • Federal law
  • Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

References

1. ^1 Glanville Williams. 7Learning the Law. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. p. 2.
2. ^W J Stewart and Robert Burgess. Collins Dictionary of Law. HarperCollins Publishers. 1996. {{ISBN|0 00 470009 0}}. Page 68. Definition 4 of "civil law".
3. ^Glanville Williams. Learning the Law. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. pp. 2 and 9 and 10
4. ^Card, Richard. Criminal Law. Twelfth Edition. Butterworths. 1992. Paragraph 1.3 at page 1.
5. ^Glanville Williams. Learning the Law. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. p. 19.
6. ^Card, Richard. Card, Cross and Jones: Criminal Law. Twelfth Edition. Butterworths. 1992. Paragraph 1.2 at page 1.
7. ^Owen Hood Phillips. A First Book of English Law. Fourth Edition. Sweet & Maxwell. 1960. pp 208 & 209.
8. ^Owen Hood Phillips. A First Book of English Law. Fourth Edition. Sweet & Maxwell. 1960. p 208.
9. ^Baum, Lawrence. American Courts: Process and Policy. Seventh Edition. Cengage Learning. 2012. Chapter 7. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZUJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT139 p 139].
10. ^Keane and McKeown. The Modern Law of Evidence. Ninth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2012. {{ISBN|9780199698325}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0TPr_O8PfX4C&pg=PA108 p 108].
11. ^Husnu Al Suood. The Maldivian Legal System. Maldives Law Institute. 2014. [https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=FUHnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214 p 214].
{{Law}}{{Authority control}}Zivilrechtמשפט אזרחיBurgerlijk recht

1 : Civil law (common law)
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