| 词条 | PLUNA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| airline = PLUNA Líneas Aéreas Uruguayas S.A. | image = New_PLUNA_logo_2007.png | image_size = 290 | alt = | IATA = PU | ICAO = PUA | callsign = PLUNA | founded = {{Start date|1936|9}} | commenced = {{Start date|1936|11|19|df=y}} | ceased = {{End date|2012|7|5|df=y}} | aoc = | bases = | hubs = {{unbulleted list|Carrasco International Airport}} | secondary_hubs = | focus_cities = {{unbulleted list|Aeroparque Jorge Newbery}} | frequent_flyer = Flyclub | alliance = | subsidiaries = | fleet_size = | destinations = | company_slogan = | parent = Government of Uruguay (100%)[1] | headquarters = Carrasco, Montevideo, Uruguay | key_people = {{unbulleted list|Sebastian Hirsch (CEO)[1]}} | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | assets = | equity = }}PLUNA Líneas Aéreas Uruguayas S.A.[1] was the flag carrier of Uruguay.[4] It was headquartered in Carrasco, Montevideo[2][3] and operated scheduled services within South America, as well as scheduled cargo[7] and charter services[4] from its hub at Carrasco International Airport. On {{date|2012-7-5}},[10] only two days after the carrier's employees went on strike amid mounting financial difficulties,[5][12] the Uruguayan government decided to close the airline down and to liquidate it.[13][6] The carrier was wholly owned by the government at the time of its closure.[1] HistoryFoundationThe airline was established in September 1936 and started operations the following month, on {{date|1936-11-19}}.[16] It was set up by Jorge and Alberto Márquez Vaesa, two brothers who had obtained the necessary financial and technical support through the ambassador of the United Kingdom to Uruguay at the time, Sir Eugen Millington-Drake. He writes in his memoirs that he suggested the airline be named using a memorable acronym, taking SABENA as an example. It was then decided on "PLUNA", an acronym for Primeras Líneas Uruguayas de Navegación Aérea ({{lang-en|First Uruguayan Air Navigation Lines}}). Millington-Drake knew De Havilland's representative in Buenos Aires at the time, which helped in the acquisition of the airline's first aircraft. The airline flew two five-seater de Havilland Dragonflys from Montevideo to Salto and Paysandú.[7]{{When|date=August 2011}} The two planes were christened Churrinche and San Alberto, the latter in honor of the brothers' father. PLUNA flew 2,600 passengers in their first fiscal year, a huge success for that era. It also flew 20,000 pieces of mail and 70,000 newspapers. The carrier saw the incorporation of both the Potez 62 and the Douglas DC-2 into its fleet in the early 1940s, the latter acquired from the U.S. government.[16] Following the outbreak of World War II, PLUNA was forced to suspend operations between 1942 and 1944 due to the lack of spare parts.[16] The delicate position PLUNA was in at this time led the Uruguayan Government to aid the company by boosting its stake to 85% on {{date|1944-10-16}}.[16] The first Douglas DC-3 entered PLUNA's fleet in February 1946.[16] The airline launched regular services to Porto Alegre, Brazil, in May 1948.[16] The carrier later added the cities of Santa Cruz in Bolivia and Buenos Aires, Rosario and Córdoba in Argentina to its network.{{When|date=August 2011}} NationalisationThe airline became a wholly government-owned company on {{date|1951-11-12}}.[16] After World War II, PLUNA's fleet included two Douglas DC-2s which were operated on the Montevideo–Paysandú–Salto route until they were retired by 1951. In the same year, a Douglas DC-3 and four de Havilland Herons were added to the fleet. The Herons only stayed in PLUNA's fleet for a short time and by 1957 they had been sold. The DC-3s remained in service much longer, and in 1971 the last four of them were sold to the Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya. São Paulo was added to the route network in January 1954.[16] On {{date|1958-6-24}} the carrier entered the turbine era with the delivery of its first of three Vickers Viscounts four-engined turboprops purchased new from Vickers; it later acquired two Viscount 700s from Alitalia and three Viscount 800s from VASP. PLUNA's growth slowed considerably for the next three decades, but it entered the jet age soon after jets were introduced to the world, and added John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in New York, and Miami to its destinations, using Boeing 707 and Boeing 737 aircraft. In the 1980s PLUNA began flying to Madrid, Asunción, Rio de Janeiro and Santiago de Chile, but services to JFK and Miami were suspended. In the meantime, as the city of Punta del Este flourished as a major tourist destination, PLUNA benefited from that. During this time, an office was also opened in Tel Aviv, Israel. PrivatisationThe 1990s saw financial trouble loom for PLUNA. In 1995, the company was transformed into a public–private partnership and the government sold 51% of the shares to a holding formed by an Argentine consortium named Tevycom and Uruguayan businessmen; the holding later sold half of its participation in PLUNA to Varig.[8] At {{start date|2000|4}}, the airline had {{cardinal|635}} employees. At this time the fleet consisted of {{cardinal to word|6}} Boeing 737-200 Advanced and {{cardinal to word|1}} McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 to serve a network that included Asunción, Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Florianopolis, Madrid, Montevideo, Punta del Este, Rio de Janeiro, Rosario, Salvador, Santiago and São Paulo.[7] By late {{start date|2005|6}}, the airline's major shareholders were the Government of Uruguay (49%) and Varig (49%), and private investors held the balance.[9] When Varig entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on {{date|2005-6-17}}, it sought a bidder for its 49% stake in PLUNA. For almost a year, it looked as if it might go to Venezuela's state-run Conviasa,[10][11] but the deal officially fell through in {{start date|2006|7}}. On {{date|2007-1-4}}, the Government of Uruguay started negotiations to sell 75% of it shares to a private consortium of investors from Germany, United States, Uruguay and Argentina called Leadgate Investment, a subsidiary of Latin American Regional Aviation Holding Corporation (LARAH),[30]{{Failed verification|date=July 2012}} that committed to inject {{US$|177|link=yes}} million in the company.[12][13] In July the same year, the government awarded 75% of PLUNA's stock to LARAH,[33] and the acquisition of seven Bombardier CRJ-900s in a deal worth {{US$|261}} million was announced.[14] In late {{start date|2007|10}}, PLUNA presented its new corporate image, developed by Australian design company Cato Partners. This new image is based on the interpretation of the name "Uruguay" as meaning "river of the painted birds" or "river of the colorful birds" ({{lang-es|Río de los pájaros pintados}}).[15] The first of seven brand new CRJ900s that would be incorporated into the fleet during 2008 arrived in {{MONTHNAME|3}} that year; these new aircraft permitted increasing frequencies to existing routes, as well as expanding services to new destinations.[16] In {{start date|2010|4}}, the Canadian airline holding company Jazz Air Income Fund invested {{US$|15}} million in LARAH.[17] The move gave this holding an indirect control of 25% of the Uruguayan flag carrier, as LARAH had a participation of 75% into PLUNA at that time; the Government of Uruguay held the balance.[17][39][18]{{clarify|date=January 2013}} In September and October 2010 three additional new CRJ900s aircraft were delivered from the Bombardier factory. In April 2011 three options were taken up for delivery at the end of 2011 and these were delivered between September and November 2011. With these additions, PLUNA's fleet consisted of 13 airplanes, the highest number in its history. CollapseIn early {{start date|2012|6}}, PLUNA's then CEO, Matías Campiani, disclosed that the airline might face collapse amid a financial distress that led to a loss of {{US$|18}} million for the eight months ending in February the same year, partly due to the protectionism of the government of Argentina —where the carrier concentrated 21% of its operations— following the renationalisation of Aerolíneas Argentinas in 2008, and partly due to the slowdown of the Brazilian economy in the preceding months.[4][42][19] Later on, with losses totalling {{US$|300}} million, Leadgate disposed of their 75% stake in the airline, transferring it back to the Uruguayan government.[1][20] By that time, that percentage of PLUNA's stock was owned by LARAH, which was in turn 75% owned by Leadgate and 25% by Jazz Air.[21] Despite being initially disclosed that Jazz Air was not interested in taking over the entire 75% stock,[47][22] and that it was later informed that the Canadian airline was evaluating the acquisition,[49][50] the government suspended PLUNA's operations on {{end date|2012|7|5|df=y}}—following a strike that started two days earlier, after failing to find new investors for the company.[51][52][53] The government announced that both PLUNA's fleet and routes would be auctioned.[54] It seemed there were no plans for the government to have any stake in PLUNA's successor.[54] In {{start date|2012|9}}, the auction of the seven Bombardier aircraft that belonged to the liquidated carrier was delayed until {{start date|2012|10}} as there were no bidders.[56][57] Cosmo Airlines, a Spanish charter carrier, eventually purchased the seven aircraft at a price of $137 million.[23] Regionally, the void created by PLUNA's collapse benefited foreign airlines on some routes. In 2016, a Uruguayan court concluded that no Leadgate executives were responsible for Pluna's collapse. Two years later, in 2018 a Panamanian-based investment consortium named Caballero Verde S. de R.L. took ownership of LARAH, which still owned 75% of Pluna's shares. The consortium plans to seek compensation from the Uruguayan government for Pluna's demise.[62] Destinations{{main|List of PLUNA destinations}}{{As of|2011|4}}, PLUNA linked Uruguay with two destinations in Argentina, one in Chile, one in Paraguay, and eight in Brazil.[63]Codeshare agreementsPLUNA had a codeshare agreement with Iberia, which operates the Montevideo–Madrid–Montevideo route.[26] Under the same codeshare agreement, passengers also connected from Madrid to many destinations within Spain and also to Frankfurt.[26] PLUNA also announced a codeshare agreement with American Airlines, which would have placed PLUNA's code on American's Miami-Montevideo route, if it had government approval.[66] FleetPrior to its collapse, PLUNA's fleet consisted of the following aircraft, {{As of|2012|6|lc=y}}.[67]
Fleet historyThe carrier also operated the following aircraft types throughout its history:[67]
Accidents and incidentsPLUNA had only one fatal accident with the loss of ten crew members, the Aviation Safety Network records 3 hull-loss accidents/incidents for the airline.[28]
See also{{Portal|Uruguay|Aviation}}
References1. ^{{cite press release|title= Comunicado del Directorio de PLUNA Líneas Aéreas Uruguayas S.A.|publisher= PLUNA S.A.|date= {{date|2012-7-5}}|url= http://www.flypluna.com/prensa.php|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68xAkc3qP|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} |url= http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/aerolineas-argentinas-bqb-gol-and-lan-tam-poised-to-benefit-from-demise-of-uruguays-pluna-78165|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/697ki283s|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-13}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-13}}}}[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]2. ^"Pluna: reunión de conciliación entre el Estado y Leadgate." Espectador.com. September 8, 2009. Retrieved on July 9, 2010. "La reunión estaba fijada en la sede de Pluna en Carrasco," 3. ^"Offices and call centre." PLUNA. Retrieved on May 13, 2010. "Headquarters Miraflores 1445 (Carrasco)" 4. ^{{cite news|title= Brasileiros invadem Punta del Este|language= Portuguese|trans-title= Brazilians move into Punta del Este|date= {{date|2003-12-29}}|agency= AFP|publisher= Folha de Sao Paulo|url= http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/turismo/noticias/ult338u3655.shtml|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-19}}|quote= A Pluna realiza vôos charters do Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Porto Alegre e Curitiba para o Hotel Conrad (Pluna fly charter services for the Conrad Hotel from Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre and Curitiba.}} 5. ^{{cite press release|title= Pluna cancela operativa por 48 hs. por paro de sindicato OFP|language= Spanish|trans-title= Pluna cancels operations for 48 hours due to OFP union strike|date= {{date|2012-7-3}}|publisher= Pluna SA|url= http://www.flypluna.com/prensa.php|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68xBqjSY6|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 6. ^{{cite news|title= Gobierno decidió liquidar Pluna y venden aviones a mejor postor|language= Spanish|trans-title= The government decided to liquidate Pluna and sell its planes to the best bidder|date= {{date|2012-7-6}}|publisher= El Observador |url= http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/227591/gobierno-decidio-liquidar-pluna-y-venden-aviones-a-mejor-postor/|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68x5xNzAF|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 7. ^PLUNA's history {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928103418/http://www.pluna.aero/english/historia.asp |date=28 September 2007 }} 8. ^{{cite news|title= Varig pode vender Pluna para a Aerolíneas Argentinas|language= Portuguese|trans-title= Varig's Pluna stake may be sold to Aerolineas Argentinas|date= {{date|2004-3-16}}|publisher= Folha de Sao Paulo|url= http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u81966.shtml|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-19}}}} 9. ^{{cite news|title= Varig deixa gerência da companhia aérea uruguaia Pluna|language= Portuguese|trans-title= Varig steps down from management at Pluna|first= Vinicius|last= Albuquerque|date= {{date|2005-6-27}}|publisher= Folha de Sao Paulo|url= http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u97671.shtml|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-19}}}} 10. ^{{cite news|title= Pluna in play|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/08/22/201013/pluna-in-play.html|agency= Airline Business|publisher= Flightglobal.com|date= {{date|2005-8-22}}|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68Gbpd74C|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-8}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-8}}}} 11. ^{{cite news|title= Venezuela quer comprar ação da Varig na Pluna|language= Portuguese|trans-title= Venezuela wants to buy Varig's stake in Pluna|date= {{date|2005-7-14}}|newspaper= Folha de Sao Paulo|url= http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u98187.shtml }} 12. ^{{cite news|title= Uruguay government close to selling controlling stake in Pluna to investors, replace management team|first= Rainer|last= Uphoff|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/01/08/211408/uruguay-government-close-to-selling-controlling-stake-in-pluna-to-investors-replace-management.html|work= Flightglobal.com|date= {{date|2007-1-8}}|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68YH8nwMp|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-20}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-20}}}} 13. ^{{cite news|title= Ambitious project to recover Uruguay's flag carrier|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2007/01/06/ambitious-project-to-recover-uruguay-s-flag-carrier|work= MercoPress|date= {{date|2007-1-6}}|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68YHHbq5v|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-20}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-20}}}} 14. ^{{cite web|title= Uruguay's flag carrier signs contract for 7 midrange Bombardiers|publisher= MercoPress|date= {{date|2007-7-10}}|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2007/07/10/uruguay-s-flag-carrier-signs-contract-for-7-midrange-bombardiers|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/69Gwn14O4|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-19}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-19}}}} 15. ^{{cite news|title= Pluna presenta nueva imagen y planes para la próxima temporada|language= Spanish|trans-title= Pluna presents its new image and plans for the next season|date= {{date|2007-10-30}}|publisher= Espectador.com|url= http://www.espectador.com/1v4_contenido.php?id=107959|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68xEO6mWM|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 16. ^{{cite web|title= Historia de la compañía|trans-title= Company's history|language= Spanish|publisher= Pluna|url= http://www.flypluna.com/cat/es/historia-de-la-compania-28.html|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68xNs0r7T|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2010/04/27/canadian-fund-invests-in-uruguay-s-flagship-carrier-pluna|title= Canadian Fund Invests in Uruguay’s Flagship Carrier PLUNA|work= MercoPress|date= {{date|2010-4-27}}|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68GcPPC8E|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-8}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-8}}}} 18. ^{{cite press release|publisher= Jazz Air|date= {{date|2010-4-26}}|title= Jazz Air Income Fund announces equity investment in South American regional airline, Pluna S.A.|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=194177&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1417600&highlight=|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68GcF99BH|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-8}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-8}}}} 19. ^{{cite news|title= Uruguay's Pluna Airline CEO warns of 'collapse'|first= Belén|last= Bogado|agency= Associated Press|location= Montevideo|date= {{date|2012-6-4}}|url= http://m.apnews.com/ap/db_268779/contentdetail.htm?contentguid=KR8ohas9|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68aSZRRrM|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-21}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-21}}}} 20. ^{{cite news|title= Canada and US closely monitoring Uruguay’s flag air carrier in the brink of default|date= {{date|2012-6-5}}|work= MercoPress|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/06/05/canada-and-us-closely-monitoring-uruguay-s-flag-air-carrier-in-the-brink-of-default|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68YFiW8gc|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-20}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-20}}}} 21. ^{{cite news|title= Acuerdan salida de socio privado de Pluna y esperan ratificación|first= Andrés|last= Oyhenard|language= Spanish|trans-title= Exit agreed for Pluna's private partner and ratification is awaited|work= El Observador|date= {{date|2012-6-12}}|url= http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/225855/acuerdan-salida-de-socio-privado-de-pluna-y-esperan-ratificacion/|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68aPn6hTQ|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-21}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-21}}}} 22. ^{{cite news|title= Chorus Aviation won't invest more to help Pluna airlines out of financial woes|first= Sylvain|last= Larocque|agency= The Canadian Press|work= Canadian Business|date= {{date|2012-6-15}}|url= http://www.canadianbusiness.com/article/87972--chorus-aviation-won-t-invest-more-to-help-pluna-airlines-out-of-financial-woes|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68aP5QEKE|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-21}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-21}}}} 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/cosmo-buys-liquidated-pluna-s-seven-crj900s-1004 |title=Cosmo buys liquidated Pluna’s seven CRJ900s |author=Edvaldo Pereira Lima | date=4 October 2012}} 24. ^{{cite news|title= Cosmo buys liquidated Pluna’s seven CRJ900s|first= Edvaldo|last= Pereira Lima|publisher= Air Transport World|date= {{date|2012-10-4}}|url= http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/cosmo-buys-liquidated-pluna-s-seven-crj900s-1004|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6BArNlUbe|archivedate= {{date|2012-10-4}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-10-4}}}} 25. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ieco.clarin.com/economia/Lopez-Mena-compra-aviones-Pluna_0_790721173.html | title=El dueño de Buquebús se queda con los aviones de la ex Pluna | publisher=El Clarín | date=October 12, 2012 | accessdate=October 14, 2012 | language=Spanish}} 26. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.flypluna.com/cat/en/where-we-fly-43.html|title=Where we fly|publisher=PLUNA|accessdate={{date|2011-4-26}}}} 27. ^{{cite journal|title= Pluna Extension|journal= Flight|date= {{date|1938-9-15}}|pages= 234|format= PDF|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%202592.html|accessdate= {{date|2011-8-12}}|quote= Early last month a Pluna D.H. 86B, flown by the Paraguayan pilot Nudelman, visited Asuncion, partly by way of a survey of the proposed service between Montevideo and Asuncion which may be operated by the company.}} 28. ^{{cite web|title= Accident record for PLUNA|url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=4870|publisher= Aviation Safety Network|date= {{date|2004-11-28}}|accessdate= {{date|2011-8-12}}}} 29. ^{{ASN accident|id= 19460118-1|title= CX-AEG|type= Incident|accessdate= {{date|2011-8-12}}}} 30. ^{{ASN accident|id= 19621009-0|title= CX-AGG|accessdate= {{date|2011-8-12}}}} 31. ^{{ASN accident|id= 19750511-2|title= CX-AQO|accessdate= {{date|2011-8-12}}}} 32. ^1 {{cite press release|title= American Airlines and PLUNA Announce Codeshare Agreement|publisher= American Airlines|date= {{date|2011-10-27}}|url= http://aa.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=3366|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/66R7EH1ir|archivedate= {{date|2012-3-25}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-3-25}}}} 33. ^1 2 {{cite web|title= SubFleets for: PLUNA|url= http://www.aerotransport.org/php/go.php?query=operator&qstring=PLUNA&where=4218&luck=|work= AeroTransport Data Bank|date= {{date|2012-6-8}}|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68GcmBVkZ|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-8}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-8}}}} 34. ^1 {{cite news|title= Auction of Pluna’s Bombardier aircraft collapses: terms "non attractive" and "non viable"|publisher= MercoPress|date= {{date|2012-9-14}}|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/09/14/auction-of-pluna-s-bombardier-aircraft-collapses-terms-non-attractive-and-non-viable|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6AgJNapzq|accessdate= {{date|2012-9-14}}|archivedate= {{date|2012-9-14}}}} 35. ^1 {{cite news|title= Canadian company still interested in recapitalization of Uruguay’s national airline|date= {{date|2012-6-22}}|publisher= MercoPress|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/06/22/canadian-company-still-interested-in-recapitalization-of-uruguay-s-national-airline|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68xbw7gmO|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 36. ^1 {{cite news|title= El empresario argentino Campiani abandona Pluna|language= Spanish|trans-title=Argentine businessman Campiani abandons Pluna|first= Nélson|last= Fernandez|date= {{date|2012-6-15}}|publisher= La Nación|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1482506-el-empresario-argentino-campiani-abandona-pluna|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68aJiNiJw|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-21}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-21}}}} 37. ^1 {{cite news|title= Ejecutivos de Jazz llegan al país para negociar compra de Pluna|language= Spanish|trans-title=Jazz's executives arrives in Uruguay to negotiate the buyout of PLUNA|publisher= El Observador|date= {{date|2012-6-21}}|url= http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/226475/ejecutivos-de-jazz-llegan-al-pais-para-negociar-compra-de-pluna/|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68aNKGZZW|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-21}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-21}}}} 38. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite journal|title= World Airline Survey – Primeras Líneas Uruguayas de Navegacion Aérea (PLUNA)|journal= Flight International|number= 2979|volume= 89|date= 14 April 1966|page= 628|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1966/1966%20-%201079.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181110132951/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1966/1966%20-%201079.html|archive-date= 10 November 2018|dead-url= no}} 39. ^1 2 {{cite journal|title= World airline directory{{mdash}}Pluna{{ndash}}Primeras Lineas Uruguayas de Navegacion Aerea|journal= Flight International|date= 21–{{date|2000-3-27}}|page= 97|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2000/2000%20-%200841.html|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6PT8ygrQc|archivedate= {{Date|2014-5-10}} }} 40. ^1 {{cite news|title= Jazz Air to convert to corporate structure by year-end|first= Olivier|last= Bonnassies|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/10/08/348293/jazz-air-to-convert-to-corporate-structure-by-year-end.html|work= Flightglobal.com|date= {{date|2011-3-14}}|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68GajMr6U|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-8}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-8}}}} 41. ^1 {{cite news|title= Jazz no está interesada en adquirir más acciones de Pluna|language= Spanish|trans-title=Jazz is not interested in taking over additional shares in Pluna|work= El Observador|date= {{date|2012-6-18}}|url= http://elobservador.com.uy/noticia/226261/jazz-no-esta-interesada-en-adquirir-mas-acciones-de-pluna/|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68aOf2BHT|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-21}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-21}}}} 42. ^1 2 {{cite news|title= Liquidated Pluna to auction fleet, route rights within 60 days|first= Edvaldo|last= Pereira Lima|publisher= Air Transport World|date= {{date|2012-7-23}}|url= http://atwonline.com/airline-finance-data/news/liquidated-pluna-auction-fleet-route-rights-within-60-days-0723|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/69Rwt9Jqw|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-26}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-26}}}} 43. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Broderick |first1=Sean |title=New Pluna owners to challenge Uruguay over airline’s demise |url=http://atwonline.com/airlines/new-pluna-owners-challenge-uruguay-over-airline-s-demise |publisher=Air Transport World |date=19 October 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110005204/http://atwonline.com/airlines/new-pluna-owners-challenge-uruguay-over-airline-s-demise |archivedate=10 November 2018}} 44. ^1 {{cite news|title= Pluna closes down|publisher= Centre for Aviation|date= {{date|2012-7-6}}|url= http://www.centreforaviation.com/news/pluna-closes-down-163226|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68x8GobQY|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 45. ^1 {{cite press release|publisher= PLUNA|date= {{date|2011-4-25}}|language= Spanish|title= Pluna confirma la compra de tres nuevos aviones Bombardier CRJ 900 NextGen|trans-title=Pluna confirms the acquisition of three brand new Bombardier CRJ 900 NextGen|url= http://www.flypluna.com/download.php?id=55|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68xCgQaOT|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 46. ^1 {{cite news|title= PLUNA se capitaliza en 20 millones de dólares y anuncia plan de crecimiento|language= Spanish|trans-title=PLUNA gets a capitalisation worth {{US$|20}} million and announces a plan to grow|date= {{date|2010-5-5}}|publisher= Espectador.com|url= http://www.espectador.com/1v4_contenido.php?id=181152&sts=1|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68xCuUH7L|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 47. ^{{cite news|title= Pluna to buy three more CRJ900s, looks at CRJ200s|first= Rainer|last= Uphoff|location= Madrid|agency= Air Transport Intelligence news|publisher= Flightglobal|date={{date|2010-4-6}}||url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pluna-to-buy-three-more-crj900s-looks-at-crj200s-340308/|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6Bnd6mFnX|archivedate= {{date|2012-10-30}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-10-30}}}} 48. ^1 {{cite news|title= Pluna’s fleet auction postponed to Oct. 1|first= Edvaldo|last= Pereira Lima|publisher= Air Transport World|date= {{date|2012-9-14}}|url= http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/pluna-s-fleet-auction-postponed-oct-1-0914|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6AgJkKBXb|accessdate= {{date|2012-9-14}}|archivedate= {{date|2012-9-14}}}} 49. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|title= Uruguay seeks new investor for Pluna after Leadgate's withdrawal|first= Rainer|last= Uphoff|date= {{date|2012-6-19}}|location= Madrid|publisher= Flightglobal.com|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uruguay-seeks-new-investor-for-pluna-after-leadgates-withdrawal-373177/|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68Y61yXG2|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-19}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-20}}}} 50. ^1 {{cite news|title= Uruguay to shut down bankrupt flagship carrier Pluna -source|publisher= Reuters|first= Malena|last= Castaldi|date= {{date|2012-7-6}}|url= http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/07/06/uruguay-pluna-idINL2E8I5FM620120706|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68x9tzvCk|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 51. ^1 {{cite news|title= Uruguay’s flag carrier Pluna "indefinitely grounded" and most staff redundant|date= {{date|2012-7-6}}|publisher= MercoPress|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/07/06/uruguay-s-flag-carrier-pluna-indefinitely-grounded-and-most-staff-redundant|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68xC5MtP7|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 52. ^1 {{cite news|title= Uruguay's Pluna airline hits 'strong turbulence'|first= Alex|last= Leff|work= GlobalPost|date= {{date|2012-6-5}}|url= http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/chatter/uruguays-pluna-airline-hits-strong-turbulence|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68aRqHpd5|archivedate= {{date|2012-6-21}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-6-21}}}} 53. ^1 {{cite news|title= Uruguay's Pluna halts operations indefinitely|first= David|last= Kaminski-Morrow|publisher= Flightglobal.com|date= {{date|2012-7-6}}|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uruguays-pluna-halts-operations-indefinitely-373828/|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68x6uaD2P|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 54. ^1 {{cite news|title= Uruguay’s Pluna suspends operations indefinitely|first= Edvaldo|last= Pereira Lima|date= {{date|2012-7-9}}|publisher= Air Transport World|url= http://atwonline.com/airline-finance-data/news/uruguay-s-pluna-suspends-operations-indefinitely-0709|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/692T3SdPF|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-9}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-9}}}} 55. ^1 {{cite news|title= Uruguay’s Pluna temporarily suspends operations after strike threat|first= Edvaldo|last= Pereira Lima|date= {{date|2012-7-3}}|publisher= Air Transport World|url= http://atwonline.com/operations-maintenance/news/uruguay-s-pluna-suspends-operations-after-strike-threat-0703|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/68x6KulE9|archivedate= {{date|2012-7-6}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-7-6}}}} 56. ^1 2 {{cite news|title= Uruguay's Pluna warns of collapse, but CEO's missive may be more political than financial|publisher= Centre for Aviation|date= 8 June 2012|url= http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/uruguays-pluna-warns-of-collapse-but-ceos-missive-may-be-more-political-than-financial-75498}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731185917/http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/uruguays-pluna-warns-of-collapse-but-ceos-missive-may-be-more-political-than-financial-75498 |date=31 July 2015 }} 57. ^{{cite news|title= Uruguay’s Pluna to start domestic services in Chile|publisher= Air Transport World|date= {{date|2011-10-26}}|url= http://atwonline.com/airports-routes/news/uruguay-s-pluna-start-domestic-services-chile-1025|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6BnenIlYU|archivedate= {{date|2012-10-30}}|accessdate= {{date|2012-10-30}}}} [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]
External links{{Commons category|PLUNA}}
7 : Defunct airlines of Uruguay|1936 establishments in Uruguay|Airlines established in 1936|Airlines disestablished in 2012|Former IATA members|Latin American and Caribbean Air Transport Association|Companies based in Montevideo |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。