| 词条 | Cleretum bellidiforme |
| 释义 |
|image = Dorotheanthus bellidiformis-P9200029.jpg |image_caption = At West Coast National Park, Western Cape, South Africa |genus = Cleretum |species = bellidiforme |authority = (Burm.f.) G.D.Rowley[1] |synonyms = |Cleretum criniflorum|(L.f.) N.E.Br. |Cleretum cuneifolium|N.E.Br. |Cleretum flos-solis|(A.Berger) G.D.Rowley |Cleretum limpidum|(Aiton) N.E.Br. |Cleretum muirii|(N.E.Br.) G.D.Rowley |Cleretum oculatum|(N.E.Br.) G.D.Rowley |Dorotheanthus acuminatus|L.Bolus |Dorotheanthus bellidiformis|(Burm.f.) N.E.Br. |Dorotheanthus bidouwensis|L.Bolus |Dorotheanthus criniflorus|(L.f.) Schwantes |Dorotheanthus flos-solis|(A.Berger) L.Bolus |Dorotheanthus hallii|L.Bolus |Dorotheanthus littlewoodii|L.Bolus |Dorotheanthus luteus|N.E.Br. |Dorotheanthus martini|L.Bolus |Dorotheanthus muirii|N.E.Br. |Dorotheanthus oculatus|N.E.Br. |Dorotheanthus stayneri|L.Bolus |Dorotheanthus ulularis|Brusse |Mesembryanthemum bellidiforme|Burm.f. |Mesembryanthemum criniflorum|L.f. |Mesembryanthemum cuneifolium|Jacq. |Mesembryanthemum flos-solis|A.Berger |Mesembryanthemum limpidum|Aiton |Micropterum cuneifolium|(Jacq.) Schwantes |Micropterum limpidum|(Aiton) Schwantes |Stigmatocarpum criniflorum|(L.f.) L.Bolus |synonyms_ref = [1] }}Cleretum bellidiforme,[2] commonly called Livingstone daisy, Bokbaaivygie (Afrikaans), or Buck Bay vygie, is a species of flowering plant in the family Aizoaceae, native to the Cape Peninsula in South Africa. It is a low-growing succulent annual growing to {{convert|25|cm|0|abbr=on}}, and cultivated for its iridescent, many-petalled, daisy-like blooms in shades of white, yellow, orange, cream, pink and crimson. In temperate areas it is popularly grown as a half-hardy annual, and lends itself to mass plantings or as edging plants in summer bedding schemes in parks and gardens. It is still widely referenced under its former names, Mesembryanthemum criniflorum and Dorotheanthus bellidiformis.[3][4][5] DescriptionCleretum bellidiforme is a winter growing annual with green or slightly maroon leaves. Leaves are flat and rounded at the tip, with notably bladder shaped cells on the leaf surface that give the leaves a reflective quality. These cells are used to store water, which classifies the plant as a succulent. The plant usually forms a stout groundcover, but its flowers may reach up to {{convert|25|cm|0|abbr=on}}. Flowers are solitary and brightly colored with many narrow petals. The flowers open in bright sunlight, and are up to {{Convert|30|mm|in|abbr=}} in diameter. Stamens are maroon with purple or yellow anthers, and are found in the center of the flower in rows. The ovary is inferior to the stamens. Fruits are a five compartmented capsule that expands in wet weather, revealing the very small, smooth, light brown seeds.[6]TaxonomyThe species was first described by Nicolaas Laurens Burman in 1768, as Mesembryanthemum bellidiforme.[7][8] It was later transferred from Mesembryanthemum to Dorotheanthus and then to Cleretum. It has been synonymized with five species initially described in Mesembryanthemum (e.g. Mesembryanthemum criniflorum) and 9 originally described in Dorotheanthus (e.g. Dorotheanthus ulularis).[1] Dorotheanthus was named by Gustuv Schwanthes after his mother, combining her name with anthus, Greek for flower.[9]Infraspecific variabilityCleretum bellidiforme exists in a vast amount of colour forms, with each restricted to particular locality, though lacking any distinct differences from each other beyond flower colour.[9] There was, however, formerly still one subspecies which remained recognised amongst many synonyms, Dorotheanthus bellidiformis subsp. hestermalensis Ihlenf. & Struck, 1986, which was easily distinguished by its extremely small size, with tiny pink flowers and only a few tiny leaves,[9] and which had a more northerly distribution in (northernmost) Western Cape and Northern Cape,[10][11] however as of 2012 it has been raised to species level as C. hestermalense (Ihlenf. & Struck) Klak.[2][12]DistributionC. belliforme is restricted to the winter rainfall regions of western South Africa,[9] where it chiefly grows in the western half Western Cape. In the Northern Cape it is restricted to the desert lands bordering Western Cape northwest of the Cederberg, and inland from the southern stretch of the Atlantic coast. The distribution is patchy, not continuous.[10]It is very common in Bokbaai where it is found flowering in great numbers in spring.[9] EcologyIt is adapted to disturbed sand, such as found on riverbanks or desert dunes; the small flat seeds easily slip deeper in loose sand out of the summer sun. It is also found on clay slopes, limestone ridges and granite outcrops. It is very short-lived, the seeds germinating with the first autumn rains, and growing and flowering from late winter to spring (July to October).[6][9] It grows in fynbos and succulent karoo. It sometimes grows together with low-growing Oxalis and Senecio. It is sometimes found as a solitary plant, in other areas in large colonies.[6] CultivationThis is a well-known and popular garden annual in many areas around the world, available with flowers in numerous colours. It is found listed under a number of synonyms in seed catalogues. Seeds can be sown in a cold frame. Former subspecies C. hestermalense is difficult to germinate, these germinate best when kept hot and dry over the summer.[9] NamesIn South Africa it is usually known as Livingstone daisy when sold in the horticultural trade. Common vernacular names for the wild plants are bokbaaivygie in Afrikaans, or Bok Bay vygie or Buckbay-vygie. Less common are sandvygie, skilpadkos (turtle food) or ysplant (ice plant).[9] ConservationAccording to the Red List of South African plants its status is Least Concern (LC) as of 2017.[6] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Cleretum bellidiforme (Burm.f.) G.D.Rowley |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:57223-1 |accessdate=2019-03-25 }} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q3268918|from2=Q17246315|from3=Q15607609|from4=Q50846650|from5=Q38410098|from6=Q15611482}}{{Aizoaceae-stub}}2. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Klak|first=Cornelia|last2=Bruyns|first2=Peter V.|date=2012|title=Phylogeny of the Dorotheantheae (Aizoaceae), a tribe of succulent annuals|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tax.612002|journal=TAXON|language=en|volume=61|issue=2|pages=293–307|doi=10.1002/tax.612002|issn=1996-8175}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}} 4. ^{{GRIN | accessdate = 2018-01-21}} 5. ^{{cite web| publisher=PlantZAfrica| accessdate=2015-08-16| title=Dorotheanthus bellidiformis (Burm.f) N.E.Br.| url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/dorotheanthusbell.htm}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://pza.sanbi.org/cleretum-bellidiforme|title=Cleretum bellidiforme {{!}} PlantZAfrica|website=pza.sanbi.org|access-date=2019-03-25}} 7. ^{{cite web |title=Mesembryanthemum bellidiforme Burm.f. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:362623-1 |accessdate=2019-03-26 }} 8. ^{{Citation |mode=CS1 |last1=Burman |first1=Nicolaas Laurens |date=1768 |contribution=Mesembryanthemum bellidiforme |title=Flora Indica: Prodromus Florae Capensis |page=15 |publication-place=Leiden; Amsterdam |publisher=Cornelius Haak; Johannes Schreuder |contribution-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39900920 |accessdate=2019-03-26 }} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Gideon F. |last2=Chesselet |first2=Pascale |last3=van Jaarsveld |first3=Ernst J. |last4=Hartmann |first4=Heidi |last5=Hammer |first5=Steven |last6=van Wyk |first6=Ben-Erik |last7=Burgoyne |first7=Priscilla |last8=Klak |first8=Cornelia |last9=Kurzweil |first9=Hubert |date=1998 |title=Mesembs of the World |location=Pretoria |publisher=Briza Publications |page=70-73 |isbn=1-875093-13-3}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/3707306 |title=Cleretum bellidiforme (Burman f.) G.D.Rowley |author= |date=2017 |website=GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, Checklist dataset |publisher=GBIF Secretariat |doi=10.15468/39omei |access-date=19 February 2019|type=Data Set }} 11. ^{{cite journal |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/8143836 |title=Cleretum hestermalense (Ihlenf. & Struck) Klak |author= |date=2017 |website=GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, Checklist dataset |publisher=GBIF Secretariat |doi=10.15468/39omei |access-date=19 February 2019|type=Data Set }} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=226495 |title=CJB - African plant database - Detail |author= |date=2012 |website=African plant database |publisher=Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute |access-date=28 March 2019}} 7 : Annual plants|Fynbos|Flora of South Africa|Garden plants|Succulent plants|Aizoaceae|Plants described in 1768 |
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