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词条 Clickbait
释义

  1. Definition

  2. Background

  3. Use

  4. Backlash

  5. See also

  6. References

{{short description|Web content intended to entice users to click on a link}}{{For|the 2018 film|Clickbait (film)}}Clickbait is a text or thumbnail link that is designed to entice users to follow that link and read, view, or listen to the linked piece of online content.[2][3] Click-bait headlines typically aim to exploit the "curiosity gap", providing just enough information to make readers of news websites curious, but not enough to satisfy their curiosity without clicking through to the linked content.[4][5][6]

Definition

There is no universally agreed-upon definition of clickbait. BuzzFeed editor Ben Smith states that his publication doesn't do clickbait, using a strict definition of clickbait as a headline that is dishonest about the content of the article. Smith notes that Buzzfeed headlines such as "A 5-Year-Old Girl Raised Enough Money To Take Her Father Who Has Terminal Cancer To Disney World" deliver exactly what the headline promises. The fact that the headline is written to be eye-catching is irrelevant in Smith's view since the headline accurately describes the article.[7]

Facebook, while trying to reduce the amount of clickbait shown to users, defined the term as a headline that encourages users to click, but doesn't tell them what they will see. However, this definition excludes a lot of content that is generally regarded as clickbait.[2]

A more commonly used definition is a headline that intentionally over-promises and under-delivers.[8] The articles associated with such headlines often are unoriginal, and either merely restate the headline, or copies content from a more genuine news source.

The term clickbait is sometimes used for any article that is unflattering to a person. In such cases, the article is not actually clickbait by any legitimate definition of the term.[9]

Background

From a historical perspective, the techniques employed by clickbait authors can be considered derivative of yellow journalism, which presented little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead used eye-catching headlines that included exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism.[10][11] One cause of such sensational stories is the controversial practice called checkbook journalism, where news reporters pay sources for their information without verifying its truth. In the U.S. it is generally considered an unethical practice, as it often turns celebrities and politicians into lucrative targets of unproven allegations.[12] According to Washington Post writer Howard Kurtz, "this thriving tabloid culture has erased the old definitions of news by including tawdry and sensational stories about celebrities for the sake of profit."[12]

Use

For sites that thrive on thousands of click-throughs to content, many authors see the use of clickbait as a means to tap into human psyche by crafting these eye-catching headlines.[13] There are also those who use this method for phishing attacks for the purpose of spreading malicious files or stealing user information.[14] The attack occurs once the user opens the link provided to learn more. Clickbait has also been used for political ends and has been blamed for the rise of post-truth politics. Katherine Viner, editor-in-chief at The Guardian wrote that "chasing down cheap clicks at the expense of accuracy and veracity" undermined the value of journalism and truth.[15] Emotional subjects with stark headlines are widely shared and clicked, which resulted in what Slate described as an "aggregation of outrage" and a proliferation of websites across the political spectrum – including Breitbart News, Huffington Post, Salon, Townhall and the Gawker Media blogs – which profited by producing shareable short-form pieces offering simple moral judgements on political and cultural issues.[18]

There are various clickbait strategies, including the composition of headlines of news and online articles that build suspense and sensation, luring and teasing users to click.[16] Some of the popular approaches in achieving these include the presentation of link and images that are interesting to the user, exploiting curiosity related to greed or prurient interest.[14] It is not uncommon, for instance, for these contents to include lewd image or a "make money quick" scheme.[14]

Backlash

By 2014, the ubiquity of clickbait on the web had begun to lead to a backlash against its use.[6][17] Satirical newspaper The Onion launched a new website, ClickHole, that parodied clickbait websites such as Upworthy and BuzzFeed,[18] and in August 2014, Facebook announced that it was taking technical measures to reduce the impact of clickbait on its social network,[19][20][21] using, among other cues, the time spent by the user on visiting the linked page as a way of distinguishing clickbait from other types of content.[22] Ad blockers and a general fall in advertising clicks also affected the clickbait model, as websites moved towards sponsored advertising and native advertising where the content of the article was more important than the click-rate.[23]

As problem attracted interest, tools have been developed to address the clickbait problem. Clickbait detection, for instance, has been integrated in browser applications while digital platforms where contents are shared such as Twitter have updated their respective algorithms to filter clickbait contents.[24] Social media groups, such as Stop Clickbait,[25][26][27][28] combat clickbait by giving a short summary of the clickbait article, closing the "curiosity gap". Clickbait reporting browser plug-ins[29] have been also developed by the research community in order to report clickbait links for further advances in the field based on supervised learning algorithms.

See also

{{Wiktionary}}
  • {{annotated link|Betteridge's law of headlines}}
  • {{annotated link|Sticky content}}
  • {{annotated link|Viral marketing}}
  • {{annotated link|Yellow journalism}}
  • {{annotated link|Media manipulation}}
  • {{annotated link|Chum box}}
  • {{annotated link|Display advertising}}

References

1. ^{{cite news |last1=Gardiner |first1=Bryan |title=You'll Be Outraged At How Easy It Was To Get You To Click On This Headline |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/12/psychology-of-clickbait/ |accessdate=2 August 2018 |publisher=Wired |date=December 18, 2015}}
2. ^1 {{cite web |last1=O'Donovan |first1=Caroline |title=What is clickbait? |url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2014/08/what-is-clickbait/ |website=Nieman Foundation for Journalism |publisher=Niewman labs |accessdate=12 June 2018}}
3. ^{{cite news |last1=Frampton |first1=Ben |title=Clickbait - the changing face of online journalism |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-34213693 |accessdate=12 June 2018 |publisher=BBC |date=14 September 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/11/upworthy-i-thought-this-website-was-crazy-but-what-happened-next-changed-everything/281472/|title=Upworthy: I Thought This Website Was Crazy, but What Happened Next Changed Everything|date=November 14, 2013|author=Derek Thompson|publisher=The Atlantic}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/05/23/mind-the-curiosity-gap-how-can-upworthy-be-noble-and-right-when-its-clickbait-headlines-feel-so-wrong/|title=Mind the 'curiosity gap': How can Upworthy be 'noble' and right when its clickbait headlines feel so wrong?|date=May 23, 2014|author=Katy Waldman|publisher=National Post}}
6. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/14/saving-us-from-ourselves-the-anti-clickbait-movement.html|title=Saving Us From Ourselves: The Anti-Clickbait Movement|author=Emily Shire|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=14 July 2014}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/bensmith/why-buzzfeed-doesnt-do-clickbait|title=Why BuzzFeed Doesn't Do Clickbait|last=Smith|first=Ben|date=November 6, 2014|website=BuzzFeed|language=en|access-date=January 16, 2019}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/25/wtf-is-clickbait/|title=WTF is clickbait?|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-16}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/27/silicon-valley-billionaires-peter-thiel-gawker-first-amendment-journalism|title=What Silicon Valley's billionaires don't understand about the first amendment {{!}} Nellie Bowles|last=Bowles|first=Nellie|date=2016-05-27|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-01-16|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
10. ^{{cite web | url=https://gigaom.com/2014/04/01/the-internet-didnt-invent-viral-content-or-clickbait-journalism-theres-just-more-of-it-now-and-it-happens-faster/ | title=The internet didn't invent viral content or clickbait journalism — there's just more of it now, and it happens faster | publisher=GigaOM | date=1 April 2014 | accessdate=6 August 2016 | author=Ingram, Mathew}}
11. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/how-son-of-sam-changed-america-w431502 | title=How Son of Sam Changed America | publisher=Rolling Stone | date=29 July 2016 | accessdate=6 August 2016 | author=Drell, Cady}}
12. ^1 Kurtz, Howard. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/01/27/fees-for-sleaze/fc04dcd0-127c-4e2a-a17b-6f3960c128cd/ "Fees for Sleaze",], Washington Post, Jan. 27, 1994
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://somiibo.com/blog/the-art-of-clickbait/|title=The Art of Clickbait|date=October 1, 2017|author=Zarrin Haque|publisher=Somiibo}}
14. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security|last=Bryant|first=Adam|last2=Lopez|first2=Juan|last3=Mills|first3=Robert|publisher=Academic Conferences and Publishing Limited|year=2017|isbn=9781911218258|location=Reading, UK|pages=27}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jul/12/how-technology-disrupted-the-truth|title=How technology disrupted the truth |date=12 July 2016|accessdate=12 July 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|author=Katherine Viner}}
16. ^{{Cite book|title=Web and Big Data: First International Joint Conference, APWeb-WAIM 2017, Beijing, China, July 7–9, 2017, Proceedings, Part 2|last=Chen|first=Lei|last2=Jensen|first2=Christian|last3=Shahabi|first3=Cyrus|last4=Yang|first4=Xiaochun|last5=Lian|first5=Xiang|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=9783319635637|location=Cham|pages=73}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inc.com/christine-lagorio/clickbait-destroyer-downworthy.html|title=Clickbait Bites. Downworthy Is Actually Doing Something About It|author=Christine Lagorio-Chafkin|date= Jan 27, 2014|publisher=Inc.}}
18. ^{{cite web|last=Oremus |first=Will |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2014/06/clickhole_the_onion_s_new_site_is_more_than_a_buzzfeed_parody.html |title=Clickhole: The Onion's new site is more than a BuzzFeed parody |publisher=Slate.com |date=2014-06-19 |accessdate=2017-02-24}}
19. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/facebook-wages-war-on-clickbait-20140826-108dd8.html|title=Facebook wages war on click-bait|date=August 26, 2014|author=Lisa Visentin|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/08/25/why_mark_zuckerbergs_war_on_clickbait_proves_we_are_all_pawns_of_social_media/|title=Why Mark Zuckerberg's war on click bait proves we are all pawns of social media|author=Andrew Leonard|date= Aug 25, 2014|publisher=Salon}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.fb.com/news/2014/08/news-feed-fyi-click-baiting/|title=News Feed FYI: Click-baiting|publisher=Facebook Inc.|date=August 25, 2014|author=Khalid El-Arini and Joyce Tang}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/26/business/media/facebook-takes-steps-against-click-bait-articles.html|title=Facebook Takes Steps Against 'Click Bait' Articles|author=Ravi Somaiya|date=August 25, 2014|publisher=The New York Times}}
23. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2015/03/outrage_clickbait_its_internet_dominance_is_about_to_fade.html|title=The Death of Outrage|author=David Auerbach|date=10 March 2015|accessdate=6 August 2016|website=Slate}}
24. ^{{Cite book|title=Frontier Computing: Theory, Technologies and Applications (FC 2017)|last=Hung|first=Jason|last2=Yen|first2=Neil|last3=Hui|first3=Lin|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9789811073977|location=Singapore|pages=133}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.boredpanda.com/stop-clickbait-facebook/|author =Greta J.|title=10+ Times 'Stop Clickbait' Hilariously Summarized Crappy Articles And Saved You A Click}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/sites/stop-clickbait|title=Stop Clickbait|publisher=Know Your Meme}}
27. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/next/what-this-cu-student-is-doing-about-clickbait-will-surprise-you/441355827|title=What this CU student is doing about clickbait will surprise you!|author= KUSA Staff|date=2017-05-19}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.westword.com/news/cu-boulder-students-stop-clickbait-page-wants-this-headline-to-be-better-10637018|title=This Article About Stopping Clickbait Isn't Clickbait. We Promise.}}
29. ^{{cite book|chapter=A Community Driven Approach for Click Bait Reporting|author=Darius Bufnea and Diana Șotropa|title = 2018 26th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM)|pages=1–6|date=September 2018|publisher=IEEE|doi = 10.23919/SOFTCOM.2018.8555759|isbn=978-9-5329-0087-3}}

5 : Deception|Internet terminology|Neologisms|News media manipulation|Pejoratives
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