| 词条 | Pocono Mountains |
| 释义 |
| name= The Poconos | other_name= | photo_size= | photo_caption= View from Mount Pocono Knob Lookout | etymology = Lenape Indian term for "stream between two mountains". | period= | orogeny= | length_mi= | length_orientation= | highest = Camelback Mountain (Big Pocono) | elevation_ft= 2133 | coordinates = {{coord|41|2|30.84|N|75|20|44.88|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | photo=MP overlook.jpg | map_image= Physiographic provinces of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Map 13, Pennsylvania Geological Survey of the PennDepCons&NatRes.jpg | map_size= | map_caption= Map of Pennsylvania showing the Glaciated Pocono Plateau Section, also known as the Poconos. }} The Pocono Mountains, commonly referred to as The Poconos {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|oʊ|k|ə|ˌ|n|oʊ|z}}, are a geographical, geological, and cultural region in Northeastern Pennsylvania, United States. The Poconos are an upland of the larger Allegheny Plateau. Forming a {{convert|2400|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} escarpment overlooking the Delaware River and Delaware Water Gap to the east, the mountains are bordered on the north by Lake Wallenpaupack, on the west by the Wyoming Valley and the Coal Region, and to the south by the Lehigh Valley. The name comes from the Munsee word Pokawachne, which means "Creek Between Two Hills."[1] Much of the Poconos region lies within the Greater New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. The wooded hills and valleys have long been a popular recreation area, accessible within a two-hour drive to millions of metropolitan area residents, with many communities having resort hotels with fishing, hunting, skiing, and other sports facilities. PopulationThe Pocono Mountains are a popular recreational destination for local and regional visitors. While the area has long been a popular tourist destination, many communities have seen a rise in population, especially in Coolbaugh Township and other communities within Monroe County. The region has a population of about 340,300, which is growing at a rapid pace, largely attributable to vacationers from New York and New Jersey turning vacation homes into permanent residences.[2] The region lacks a major population center, although there are municipalities such as Stroudsburg, East Stroudsburg, Mount Pocono, and the townships around them which are all in Monroe County where the population is 165,058, which is about half of the total population in the Poconos. The Poconos now serves as a commuter community for New York City and northern New Jersey.[3] The commute often takes as much as two hours each way due to traffic. Municipalities and communitiesThe Pocono Mountains of northeastern Pennsylvania is divided into six regions: Mountain Region, Lake Region, Delaware River Region, Upper Delaware River Region, Wyoming Valley, and Lehigh River Gorge Region.[4] Mountain RegionLocated in Monroe, Luzerne, Southern Lackawanna, and Northern Carbon Counties. {{div col|colwidth=25em}}
Lake RegionLocated in Pike and Wayne counties: {{div col|colwidth=25em}}
Delaware River RegionLocated in Monroe and Pike counties:
Upper Delaware River RegionLocated in Pike and Wayne counties:
Wyoming ValleyLocated in Luzerne county: {{div col|colwidth=25em}}
Outlying areasThe boundary of the region can be at times, unclear, and these Lehigh Valley, Carbon County, Schuylkill County, and Greater Hazleton (Luzerne County) communities fall on the periphery of the Poconos: {{div col|colwidth=25em}}
TransportationRoadsThe Poconos Region is served by many state highways. The most-used of these highways include Pennsylvania Route 115, Pennsylvania Route 715, Pennsylvania Route 903 (designated in some areas as the "Highway to Adventure" because of the numerous venues and resorts along the highway), Pennsylvania Route 33, Pennsylvania Route 940, and Pennsylvania Route 611. Pennsylvania Route 309, a major north–south route connecting Northeastern Pennsylvania with the Delaware Valley region passes through the western end of the region. There are two U.S. Highways in the Pocono Mountains region. The most used is U.S. Route 209, which goes from Ulster, New York to Millersburg, Pennsylvania (near Harrisburg). The halfway point of the route is in the region north of Stroudsburg. The other main U.S. Highway in the region is U.S. Route 6, which is a transcontinental highway that starts near Bishop, California and runs for over 3,000 miles to its eastern terminus in Provincetown, Massachusetts. It is designated a scenic route in Pennsylvania. U.S. Route 11, U.S. Route 22, and U.S. Route 46 are also not far from the region and serve it indirectly. The main east–west Interstate Highway in the region is Interstate 80, off of which branches Interstate 380, which connects the Poconos to Scranton. The other Interstate Highways in the region in Interstate 476, the Pennsylvania Turnpike's Northeast Extension, which has interchanges near Lehighton (Mahoning Valley), Albrightsville (Route 903), and White Haven (Pocono), and Interstate 81, which serves as an alternate route for the much-busier Interstate 95, particularly for travelers from Toronto, Syracuse, and Montreal to Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Other Interstates that serve the region are Interstate 84, which begins in Scranton and goes east to New England, and Interstate 78, by way of Route 33 or Route 309. Restoration of passenger rail serviceNJ Transit is rebuilding trackage on the Lackawanna Cut-Off route from Scranton through the Poconos to Hoboken, New Jersey. There is no clear estimated target year when the Lackawanna Cut-Off Restoration Project will be completed. The service would consist of nine trains per day in each direction. Until 1970, the Erie Lackawanna Railway operated long distance trains through the Poconos to Buffalo and Chicago to the west, and Hoboken to the east. GeographyThe Pocono Mountains is a defined area encompassing portions of Carbon, Monroe, Pike, and southern Wayne counties of Pennsylvania.[5] In total, the Poconos encompasses over {{convert|2500|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}}.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Some definitions also extend the Poconos to Lackawanna, Luzerne, eastern Schuylkill, and Susquehanna counties. The Poconos are geologically part of the Allegheny Plateau, like the nearby Catskills. The Poconos' highest summit, Camelback Mountain (Big Pocono), reaches 2,133 feet, while its lowest elevation is 350 feet (107 m) in Pike County.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The Delaware River flows through the Pocono Mountains and gives the region its name, from a Native American term roughly translating to "stream between two mountains." The Lehigh and Lackawaxen Rivers also flow through the region, totaling about 170 miles (270 km) of waterways.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Sullivan MarchDuring the Revolutionary War in 1779, General John Sullivan marched his troops through the Pocono Mountains (Monroe and Luzerne counties) on their expedition to fight the Iroquois tribe in New York State.[6][7] Sergeant Moses Fellows of the Third New Hampshire Regiment described the area as "...very poor & Barren and I think as never will Be Settled.”[8] The historic Sullivan Trail is now Pennsylvania Route 115 and contains many historical markers.[7][9] RecreationThe Poconos is a well-known outdoor recreation destination for visitors around the northeast, especially from New York City and Philadelphia. The region encompasses the Delaware State Forest, including six designated natural areas, seven state parks, and seventeen state game lands.[10] The Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area is on the eastern edge of the Poconos and includes 70,000 acres of wilderness.[12] ResortsTwo of the earliest Pocono resorts were founded by rival factions of the Philadelphia Quaker community: Inn at Buck Hill Falls (1901) and Pocono Manor (1902).[11][12] These resorts did not allow liquor or dancing, and evening dress was discouraged.[13] The Quakers "brought a quiet, unostentatious style to the region,"[13] but their hotels later developed from religious retreats into "luxurious mountain resorts."[14] Buck Hill's stone facade became a model for close to 300 stately stone-and-shingle homes in the region.[13] Pocono Manor offers sweeping vistas of the eastern and western Pocono region and has been referred to as the "Grand Lady of the Mountains."[15] Buck Hill closed in 1990, and the Inn at Pocono Manor was identified in 2009 as the oldest continuously operating resort in the Pocono Mountains.[12][13] Skytop Lodge, built in 1928, is described as a "Dutch Colonial-style manor house."[16] Designed in reaction to the Quaker resorts, it had a dance floor and served liquor in a basement bar.[13] Skytop offers thirty miles of hiking trails, and the main building "is surrounded by 5,000 acres of wood, glacial bogs, hemlock gorges, beaver marshes, and cascading waterfalls."[15] Novelist Faith Baldwin wrote about her 1932 visit to Skytop, "Here are friendly mountains, round-breasted, smiling in the clear, rosy light of dawn."[17] The Buckwood Inn opened in 1911 and included the first golf course to be designed by renowned golf architect A. W. Tillinghast.[18][19] Bandleader Fred Waring purchased the resort in 1943, renamed it the Shawnee Inn, and broadcast his radio shows from there.[20] The Shawnee Inn is a Spanish colonial revival building with white-Moorish architecture and Spanish tiled roofs,[13] and it was identified in the 1990s as the only resort on the banks of the Delaware River.[21][22] Tamiment was a popular resort among Jewish singles from the working and emerging middle class[23] and has been described as "a progressive version of the Catskills..."[24] The 2,200 acre facility opened in 1921 to generate income for the Rand School of Social Science, a Socialist school in New York.[23][25][26] Tamiment Playhouse entertained resort guests with an original revue every Saturday night during the 10-week summer season, and many prominent Broadway and TV figures gained experience there.[27] The playhouse was referred to as the "Poconos boot camp for Broadway writers and performers."[28] The revues were discontinued in 1960 and the resort closed down in 2005.[26][29]Unity House, a 655-acre Pocono retreat, offered affordable vacations for factory workers. The resort was owned for seventy years by the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, and it served as a staging ground for union activities.[30][31] Ron Devlin of The Morning Call referred to Unity House as a "blue-collar 'Hilton.'"[30] Eleanor Roosevelt visited Unity House many times and wrote, "...you could not put children in a more favorable environment..."[32] The resort closed down in 1990, falling victim to changing times and declining union membership.[30][31] In 1945 retired New York executive Rudolf Van Hoevenberg established the first honeymoon resort in the Pocono Mountains, Farm on the Hill.[33][34] Sally Moore of Snow Country wrote, "Far from today's sybaritic accommodations, back then the rustic cabins required new brides to make the beds and tidy up while grooms helped with the dishes and did the heavy work."[34] By 1960, the Pocono Mountains rivaled Niagara Falls as a honeymoon destination, attracting 100,000 couples a year.[35] Morris Wilkins, co-owner of Cove Haven, invented the heart-shaped bathtub in 1963 as a way to lure honeymoon customers.[36][37][38] The tub would appear in other couples resorts and became a symbol of the Pocono resort business.[36][39][40] Author Lawrence Squeri wrote in 2002, "If Americans today are asked to name the image that best represents the Poconos, chances are that many will cite couples resorts and heart-shaped bathtubs..."[36] Mount Airy Lodge expanded from an eight-room inn into the largest Pocono resort.[58] It heavily advertised in the New York media market with the catchy jingle, "Beautiful Mount Airy Lodge."[41] Headliners, such as Bob Hope, Milton Berle, and Connie Francis, performed in the Crystal Room, Mount Airy's 2,000 seat theater. Comedian Mickey Freeman said, "The food was lousy, but it was a legalized orgy." The 1,200 acre resort's heyday was in the 1960s and 1970s before closing in 2001.[42] In the 1950s the Kiesendahl family purchased a 12-bedroom boarding house along Lake Teedyuskung. It became the Woodloch Resort and, as of 2014, it encompassed 1,000 acres and accommodated 900 guests in a variety of lodgings. Travel + Leisure identified the Lodge at Woodloch (founded 2006) as the number 3 destination spa in the world.[43] As of July 2015, there were four Pocono resorts with indoor water parks: Great Wolf Lodge, H20ooohh! at Split Rock Resort, Aquatopia at Camelback Resort, and Kalahari Resort.[44] In 2014 Jayne Clark of USA Today wrote, "The former Honeymoon Capital of the World, the Poconos – rebranded in 2007 as the Pocono Mountains – continues to fine-tune its image as a family-friendly outdoor adventureland, health spa getaway and emerging waterpark capital."[43] GamblingIn November 2006 the Pocono Downs harness-racing complex opened the first slot-machine parlor in the state of Pennsylvania. It was owned by the Mohegan Indian Tribe of Connecticut and included two gambling floors with nearly 1,100 machines.[45] The Mount Airy Casino Resort opened in October 2007 (on the site of the former Mount Airy Lodge) with about 2,500 slot machines. The owner, Louis DeNaples, was later charged with perjury due to suspected ties with organized crime figures. He turned the resort over to his daughter and avoided prosecution.[46] CampingThe Poconos are home to several Scout camps. Camp Minsi, owned by the Boy Scouts' Minsi Trails Council, is centrally located in the Poconos on a property of {{convert|1200|acre|ha|sigfig=2}} in Pocono Summit. Camp Mosey Wood, owned by the Girl Scouts' Eastern Pennsylvania council, is located on a property of {{convert|425|acre|ha|sigfig=2}} in White Haven, Pennsylvania. Other Scout camps located in the Poconos include Goose Pond Scout Reservation (Lake Ariel), Resica Falls Scout Reservation (Marshalls Creek), and Trexler Scout Reservation (Jonas). The Poconos are also home to several Jewish summer camps, including Camp Massad, Camp Poyntelle, Camp Ramah, and Pinemere Camp.[47] Other non-denominational season summer camps include Camp Lohikan, Tyler Hill Camp, Camp Watonka, and Pocono Springs Camp. RacingPocono Raceway, a major automobile race track, is home to an IndyCar race, the Pocono 500 in August, and two Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races, the Pocono 400 in early June and the Pennsylvania 400 in late July. It also serves as a racing school, motorcycle track, and hosts club events. The two NASCAR weekends at Pocono are vital to the region for the tourism money it brings to the local economy. Pocono Raceway is the closest major professional race track to Philadelphia and the major metropolitan areas of New York and New Jersey. SkiingSkiing was a $230 million a year industry in the Poconos and in 1987 accounted for one quarter of the region's tourist business. Pennsylvania native John Guresh, an employee at Big Boulder Ski Resort, is credited for bringing the ski industry to the Poconos.[67][48][49] In the winter of 1956–57 he invented a machine "resembling a lawn sprinkler atop a sled" to generate artificial snow. Joyce Gemperlein of The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote, "Until Guresh perfected snowmaking at Big Boulder, skiing in the Poconos was a relatively minor sport." Ski resorts in the region could not rely on natural snow and, according to Big Boulder manager Ken Knize, there were times when conditions were right for skiing only two weeks a year. Cal Conniff, president of the National Ski Areas Association, regarded Guresh as "one of the pioneers" of the U.S. ski industry.[50]
Notable natives and residents
MediaThe Pocono Record is the newspaper for the Poconos. Its coverage area centers on Stroudsburg and East Stroudsburg and covers parts of Monroe, Pike, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Wayne and Carbon counties as well as areas of western New Jersey. The Times News, of Lehighton, covers Carbon, Schuylkill, and Monroe counties, and also portions of northern Lehigh and Northampton counties. West End Happenings covers events in the West End of Monroe County. The Morning Call, of Allentown, is distributed to a sizeable portion of the region, especially southern Carbon, southern Monroe, and southeastern Schuylkill counties, though its coverage is mostly centered on the neighboring Lehigh Valley. A similar situation occurs with the Times-Tribune of the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre area and northern Monroe, northern Carbon, and Luzerne counties. The Standard-Speaker, of Hazleton, covers parts of Luzerne, Carbon, Monroe, and Schuylkill counties. Blue Mountain Moments is a monthly publication covering the Route 903 corridor from Blakeslee to Jim Thorpe. RadioWABT "Pocono 96.7" is licensed to Lehman Township in Pike County. WESS at (90.3 FM) broadcasts from the Borough of East Stroudsburg as a service of East Stroudsburg University. Students and faculty of the University provide programing often, and the station rebroadcasts BBC world service when live DJs are not available. WSBG (93.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary format. Licensed to Stroudsburg, the station serves the Pocono area with the slogan "The Poconos' Best Variety." WKRZ (98.5 FM/107.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a contemporary hits radio format. The station's call letters are WKRF-FM and is licensed to Tobyhanna and simulcasts WKRZ-FM (98.5 FM from Wilkes Barre) on 107.9 FM. See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gilwell.com/lenape/p.htm|title=gilwell.com: the Lenape / English Dictionary|work=gilwell.com}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060807/NEWS/608070312/-1/news0924|title=Gangs' growth in Poconos raises concerns|author=MICHAEL RUBINKAM|work=poconorecord.com}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061112/NEWS/611120309|title=The exurbia phenomenon|work=poconorecord.com}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.800poconos.com/map/|title=Pocono Mountains Official Website – Resorts, Restaurants, Things to Do, Golf, Skiing – Vacation and Visitors Information from the Official Pocono Mountains Visitors Bureau|work=800poconos.com}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.800poconos.com/static/index.cfm?contentID=113|title=About Pocono counties including Carbon Monroe Pike and Wayne|publisher=|accessdate=July 11, 2017}} 6. ^{{cite book |last1=Mintz |first1=Max |title=Seeds of Empire |date=1999 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-8147-5622-0 |page=94}} 7. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Heffelfinger |first1=Bill |title='Sullivan's Trail' Truly Historic |work=The Morning Call |location=Allentown, Pennsylvania|date=January 14, 1968}} 8. ^Mintz, p. 96 9. ^{{cite web |last1=Amaral |first1=Brian |title=CDs lead cars along truly historic Sullivan Trail |url=http://www.monroehistorical.org/articles_files/091109_sullivantrail.html |publisher=Monroe County Historical Association |accessdate=October 5, 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pgc.state.pa.us/pgc/cwp/view.asp?a=463&q=151266|title=Game Commission|website=www.pgc.state.pa.us|accessdate=July 11, 2017}} 11. ^{{cite book|last1=Squeri|first1=Lawrence|title=Better in the Poconos: The Story of Pennsylvania's Vacationland|date=2002|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|location=University Park, PA|isbn=0271021578|pages=71–73|ref=PoconosBook}} 12. ^1 {{cite news|title=Corvelle named assistant GM at Pocono Manor|url=http://www.poconorecord.com/article/20091011/NEWS02/910110312|accessdate=September 18, 2015|work=Pocono Record|location=Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania|date=October 11, 2009|ref=PoconoManorArticle1}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|last1=Fleeson|first1=Lucinda|title=Fading Memories In The Poconos|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=September 2, 1994|ref=InquirerArticle1}} 14. ^{{cite news |last1=Uguccioni |first1=Marilyn |title=Resort industry old-timer in the Pocono Mountains |work=The Pocono Record |date=May 29, 1976}} 15. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Sulon |first1=Bill |title=Cold comfort: a trio of Pennsylvania inns |work=The Baltimore Sun |date=February 6, 2003}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historichotels.org/hotels-resorts/skytop-lodge/|title=Skytop Lodge|website=Historic Hotels of America|publisher=National Trust For Historic Preservation|accessdate=October 3, 2015|ref=HistoricHotels}} 17. ^{{cite news|last1=Motavalli|first1=Jim|title=Peace in the Poconos|work=E Magazine|date=March 2003|ref=EMagArticle}} 18. ^{{cite web |last1=Goodwin |first1=Stephen |last2=Wolffe |first2=Rick |title=The Creator of Golf Courses |url=http://www.tillinghast.net/lifetimes.shtml |publisher=The Tillinghast Association |accessdate=September 19, 2018}} 19. ^{{cite news|last1=Jesky|first1=Mike|title=Shawnee Inn: It's stately, yet inviting|work=Standard Speaker|location=Hazleton, PA|date=October 26, 1997|ref=StandardSpeaker}} 20. ^Squeri (2002), p. 182 21. ^{{cite book|title=Fodor's national parks and seashores of the east|date=1994|publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications|location=New York|page=164|edition=1|ref=Fodor1}} 22. ^{{cite news|last1=Shea|first1=Barbara|title=Let the current set the pace at the Delaware Water Gap|work=The Courier-News|location=Somerville, NJ|date=September 11, 1994|ref=CourierNews}} 23. ^1 {{cite journal| first=Jeffrey |last=Sweet | title=The Tamiment Connection | journal = American Theatre |date=November 2008 | page= 74}} 24. ^{{cite book|last1=Nesteroff|first1=Kliph|title=The Comedians|date=2015|publisher=Grove Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8021-2398-5|at=Chapter Four}} 25. ^{{cite journal| first=Dorothy |last=Swanson | title=The Tamiment Institute/Ben Josephson Library and the Robert F. 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Pinemere.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-09. 48. ^{{cite news|last1=Fox|first1=Bert|title=Never Mind The Weather – In The Poconos They Know How To Do Snow|url=http://articles.philly.com/1993-12-05/news/25942933_1_snow-guns-john-guresh-elk-mountain|accessdate=September 19, 2015|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=December 5, 1993|ref=SkiingArticle2}} 49. ^{{cite news|title=John Guresh, Thorpe Resident, Was Snowmaking Pioneer|url=http://articles.mcall.com/1999-01-22/news/3241963_1_thorpe-resident-jim-thorpe-mcadoo|accessdate=September 19, 2015|work=The Morning Call|location=Allentown, Pennsylvania |date=January 22, 1999}} 50. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Gemperlein|first1=Joyce|title=One Man Who Defied Nature And Created His Own Snow|url=http://articles.philly.com/1987-01-18/news/26189328_1_john-guresh-ken-knize-man-made-snow|accessdate=September 19, 2015|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=January 18, 1987|ref=SkiingArticle1}} 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.alpinemountain.com|title=Alpine Mountain|publisher=|accessdate=July 11, 2017}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.skibluemt.com/|title=Blue Mountain – Premier PA Skiing, Riding, & Tubing Resort|work=Blue Mountain}} 53. ^Elk Mountain Ski Resort – Pennsylvania's Best!. Elkskier.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-09. 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.onthesnow.com/pennsylvania/elk-mountain-ski-resort/ski-resort.html|title=Elk Mountain Ski Resort Skiing – Weather – Lift Ticket Deals – OnTheSnow|work=OnTheSnow}} 55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jfbb.com|title=Home Jack Frost|website=www.jfbb.com|accessdate=July 11, 2017}} 56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shawneemt.com|title=Shawnee Mountain Ski Area|author=Shawnee Mountain Ski Area|work=shawneemt.com}} 57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ski-bigbear.com|title=Home|work=ski-bigbear.com}} 58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.montageisback.com/|title=Montage Mountain Is Back!|work=montageisback.com}} 59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tanglwoodresorts.com/|title=Tanglwood Resorts|work=tanglwoodresorts.com}} External links{{Wikivoyage|Poconos and Endless Mountains|Poconos}}
13 : The Poconos|Mountain ranges of Pennsylvania|Subranges of the Appalachian Mountains|Allegheny Plateau|Landforms of Carbon County, Pennsylvania|Landforms of Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania|Landforms of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Landforms of Monroe County, Pennsylvania|Landforms of Pike County, Pennsylvania|Landforms of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Landforms of Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania|Landforms of Wayne County, Pennsylvania|Regions of Pennsylvania |
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