| 词条 | College athletics |
| 释义 |
College athletics encompasses non-professional, collegiate and university-level competitive sports and games. World University Games{{main article|Universiade}}The first World University Games were held in 1923. There were originally called the Union Nationale des Étudiants Français.[1] In 1957, following several previous renames, they became known in English as the World University Games.[1] Continents and countriesNorth America{{see also|College athletics in the United States|U Sports}}College athletics is a major enterprise in the United States, with more than 400,000 student athletes competing annually. The largest programs participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), while other programs compete in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA). Amongst many other sports, the most-watched competitions are in college football and college basketball, though there are competitions in all the other sports. Those include baseball, swimming and diving, track and field, golf, tennis, soccer, and many others depending on the university. In the United States, college athletes are considered amateurs and their compensation is generally limited to athletic scholarships. However, there is disagreement as to whether college student-athletes should be paid.[2] College athletics have been criticized for diverting resources away from academic studies, while unpaid student athletes generate income for their universities and private entities.[3] Due to the passage of Title IX in the United States, universities must offer an equal number of scholarships for women and for men. University sports are viewed as having a positive social impact in Canada.[4] The Federal government is involved with university sport.[5] Wrestling is a university sport in Canada, with the system helping to provide future and current members of the Canadian national wrestling team.[5] Some Mexican universities are affiliated with professional association football teams. One such team is the Universidad Autonoma Pumas.[6][7] Oceania{{see also|New Zealand University Games}}University sports has received little academic attention in Australia.[8] In 1863, rugby union was first played in Australia at the University of Sydney when several clubs affiliated with the university were established.[8] One of Australia's earliest cricket teams was founded at the University of Sydney in 1854. This university affiliated team is one of the only teams from that period that still exists.[8] New Zealand universities's sports teams normally compete in local sports leagues against non-university teams. There is an annual national event which covers a large number of sports and competitive cultural activities (such as debating). The event is typically held over Easter, rotating around university centers.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Southeast Asia
ChinaUniversity sport was established in China by the 1930s. One of these programs was at the Catholic University of Peking. In 1936, members of the team traveled to Japan as members of a team to participate in a basketball and association football competition.[9] During the early stages of World War II in the region, most universities suspended their sports programs. The exceptions were Fu Ren University and Yanjing University which kept these programmes open until 1942 before shutting them down.[9] Chinese universities organised boat races before the cultural revolution. These races were modeled after the boat races in England.[10] JapanUniversity sports was established in Japan by the 1930s.[9] By 1977, ultimate Frisbee had been established as a university sport. National championships were held that year with Aichi Gakuin University winning the inaugural event.[11] South AfricaDuring the 1970s, the National Union of South African Students worked to create a university sports program where race was not considered in team and competition arrangements. The organisation faced some governmental hurdles. At the time, inter-racial sports was only allowed to be played on private grounds, which meant games and competitions could not be played on public university grounds. They had models from the University of Witwatersrand and the University of Cape Town which had already held such events.[12] United Kingdom{{Main article|British Universities and Colleges Sport}}British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) is the governing body for university and college sports in the UK. It runs leagues in 16 sports and an annual championship meeting, which in 2011 covered 19 sports. BUCS organization is very different from the USA's NCAA in the sense that BUCS is not competitive to compete in like the NCAA.[13]There were undergraduate boat races in Victorian England,[10] and The Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge is still a annual event. The assimilation of sports into academic life at Cambridge University in the nineteenth century has also been documented.[14] In the 1990s, ultimate frisbee became a popular sport on university campuses, leading to the establishment of a national sport federation.[11] Universities in Wales support national development of athletics. The Wales National Pool at Swansea University provides for a high level development of swimming.[15] See also{{portal|sport}}
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/wsg.htm |title=World Student Games (Pre-Universiade) |publisher=Gbrathletics.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-18}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/college-athletes-getting-paid-here-are-some-pros-cons_us_58cfcee0e4b07112b6472f9a|title=College Athletes Getting Paid? Here Are Some Pros And Cons|last=Lemmons|first=Malcolm|date=2017-03-29|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-04}} 3. ^{{cite news |last=Branch |first=Tylor |date=October 2011 |title=The Shame of College Sports |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/10/the-shame-of-college-sports/308643/ |work=The Atlantic |access-date=5 February 2018 }} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Trevor Slack|title=The Commercialisation of Sport|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzmaXnsYlVwC&pg=PA76|accessdate=19 April 2012|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7146-8078-1|pages=76–}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Donald MacIntosh|author2=Tom Bedecki|author3=C. E. S. Franks|title=Sport and Politics in Canada: Federal Government Involvement Since 1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VttrbtEkk-sC&pg=PA133|accessdate=19 April 2012|date=1 April 1988|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-0665-7}} 6. ^{{cite book|author1=Peter Standish|author2=Steven M. Bell|title=Culture and Customs of Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GosHz-SKVR4C&pg=PA64|accessdate=19 April 2012|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30412-5|pages=64–}} 7. ^{{cite book|author1=Ana Paula a. De Haro|author2=Silvia Dolores Zárate Guzmán|author3=Alex M. Saragoza|title=Mexico Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v49ppkhgtjMC&pg=PA587|accessdate=19 April 2012|date=31 March 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34948-5}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book|author1=Geoffrey Sherington|author2=Steve Georgakis|title=Sydney University Sport 1852-2007: More Than a Club|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5I0j6WRsTYQC&pg=PR16|accessdate=19 April 2012|date=1 June 2008|publisher=Sydney University Press|isbn=978-1-920898-91-5}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=John Shujie Chen|title=The Rise and Fall of Fu Ren University, Beijing: Catholic Higher Education in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywKw6CyWGuAC&pg=PA139|accessdate=19 April 2012|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-94816-6|pages=139–}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|author1=J. A. Mangan|author2=Lamartine Pereira Da Costa|title=Sport in Latin American Society: Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oc-WBZwijCkC&pg=PA55|accessdate=19 April 2012|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-5126-2}} 11. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Pasquale Anthony Leonardo and Adam Zagoria|author2=Ultimate History|title=Ultimate: The First Four Decades|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIlx4Jpa154C&pg=PT187|accessdate=19 April 2012|date=1 August 2005|publisher=Joe Seidler|isbn=978-0-9764496-0-7}} 12. ^{{cite book|author=South African Institute of Race Relations|title=A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tON_QHd2B2QC&pg=PA318|accessdate=19 April 2012|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-86982-010-0}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=2011 championship results|url=http://www.bucs.org.uk/page.asp?section=15961§ionTitle=2011+results|publisher=BUSC|accessdate=9 August 2012}} 14. ^Andrew Warwick (2003) Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics, page 213, University of Chicago Press {{ISBN|0-226-87374-9}} 15. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Hill|title=In Pursuit of Excellence: A Student Guide to Elite Sports Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2egTwKj9gYsC&pg=PA83|accessdate=19 April 2012|date=20 July 2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-34934-5|pages=83–}} 2 : Student sport|Under-23 sport |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。