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词条 Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
释义

  1. Development

  2. Vehicle description

  3. Variants

     PSLV-G (retired)  PSLV-CA  PSLV-XL  PSLV-DL  PSLV-QL   PSLV-3S (Concept)  

  4. Launch history

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}{{Infobox Rocket
|name = Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
|image = PSLV C-35 at the launch pad (cropped).jpg
|caption = PSLV C35 on launch pad
|function = Medium lift launch system
|manufacturer = ISRO
|country-origin = {{IND}}
|cpl = $21-31 million{{INR|130-200 crore}} [1]
|height = {{convert|44|m|abbr=on}}
|diameter = {{convert|2.8|m|abbr=on}}
|mass = PSLV-G: {{convert|295000|kg|abbr=on}}
PSLV-CA: {{convert|230000|kg|abbr=on}}
PSLV-XL: {{convert|320000|kg|abbr=on}}[2]
|stages = 4
|capacities ={{infobox rocket/Payload|location=LEO|mass={{convert|3800|kg|abbr=on}}[3]}}{{infobox rocket/Payload|location=SSO(620 km)|mass={{convert|1750|kg|abbr=on}}[2]}}{{infobox rocket/Payload|location=Sub-GTO|mass={{convert|1,425|kg|abbr=on}}[2]}}{{infobox rocket/Payload|location=GTO|mass={{convert|1,200|kg|abbr=on}}[4]}}
|status = Active
|sites = Sriharikota
|launches = 47
|success = 44
|fail = 2
|partial = 1
|first = {{plainlist|
  • PSLV-G: 20 September 1993
  • PSLV-CA: 23 April 2007
  • PSLV-XL: 22 October 2008
  • PSLV-DL: 24 January 2019
  • PSLV-QL: 1 April 2019

}}
|last = {{plainlist|
  • PSLV-G: 26 September 2016
  • PSLV-CA: 29 November 2018
  • PSLV-XL: 11 April 2018
  • PSLV-DL: 24 January 2019
  • PSLV-QL: 1 April 2019

}}
|payloads=Chandrayaan-1, Mars Orbiter Mission, Astrosat, SRE-1, NAVIC
|stagedata = {{Infobox rocket/stage
|type= booster
|diff = PSLV-G
|name = S9
|number = 6
|engines = off
|thrust = {{convert|510|kN|abbr=on}}
|SI = {{convert|262|isp|abbr=on}}
|burntime = 44 seconds
|fuel = HTPB
}}{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type= booster
|diff = PSLV-XL/QL/DL
|name = S12
|number = 6 (XL)
4 (QL)
2 (DL)
|length = {{cvt|12|m|ft|abbr=on}}[5]
|diameter = {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}[5]
|engines = off
|thrust = {{convert|703.5|kN|abbr=on}} [6]
|SI = {{convert|262|isp|abbr=on}}
|burntime = 70 seconds [6]
|fuel = HTPB
|empty =
|gross =
|propmass = {{convert|12,200|kg|lb|abbr=on}} each[5]
}}{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type=stage
|stageno = First
|engines = S139
|length = {{cvt|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}[5]
|diameter = {{convert|2.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}[5]
|solid = yes
|thrust = {{convert|4846.9|kN|abbr=on}} [6]
|burntime = 110 seconds [6]
|SI = {{convert|237|isp|abbr=on}} (sea level)
{{convert|269|isp|abbr=on}} (vacuum)
|fuel = HTPB
|empty =
|gross =
|propmass = {{convert|138,200|kg|lb|abbr=on}} each[5][2]
}}{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type=stage
|stageno = Second
|length = {{convert|12.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}[5]
|diameter = {{convert|2.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}[5]
|engines = 1 Vikas
|thrust = {{convert|803.7|kN|abbr=on}} [6]
|SI = {{convert|293|isp|abbr=on}}
|burntime = 133 seconds [6]
|fuel = N2O4/UDMH
|empty =
|gross =
|propmass = {{convert|42,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} each[5]
}}{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type=stage
|stageno = Third
|length = {{cvt|3.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}[5]
|diameter = {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}}[5]
|engines = S-7[25]
|solid = yes
|thrust = {{convert|240|kN|abbr=on}}
|SI = {{convert|295|isp|abbr=on}}
|burntime = 83 seconds
|fuel = HTPB
|empty =
|gross =
|propmass = {{convert|7,600|kg|lb|abbr=on}} each[5]
}}{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type=stage
|stageno = Fourth
|length = {{cvt|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}[5]
|diameter = {{convert|1.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}[5]
|engines = 2 x L-2-5[25]
|thrust = {{convert|14.66|kN|abbr=on}} [6]
|SI = {{convert|308|isp|abbr=on}}
|burntime = 425 seconds
|fuel = MMH/MON
|empty =
|gross =
|propmass = {{convert|2,500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} each[5]
}}
}}

The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is an expendable medium-lift launch vehicle designed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun-synchronous orbits, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV in 1993, commercially available only from Russia. PSLV can also launch small size satellites into Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO).[7]

Some notable payloads launched by PSLV include India's first lunar probe Chandrayaan-1, India's first interplanetary mission, Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) and India's first space observatory, Astrosat.[2]

PSLV has gained credence as a small satellite launcher due its numerous multi-satellite deployment campaigns with auxiliary payloads usually ride sharing along an Indian primary payload. Most notable among these was the launch of PSLV C37 on 15 February 2017 successfully deploying 104 satellites in sun-synchronous orbit, tripling the previous record held by Russia for most number of satellites sent to space on a single launch.[8][9]

Payloads can be integrated in tandem configuration employing a Dual Launch Adapter.[10][11] Smaller payloads are also placed on equipment deck and customized payload adapters.[12]

Development

Studies to develop a vehicle capable of delivering 600 kg payload to 550 km Sun-synchronous orbit from SHAR began in 1978. Among 35 proposed configurations, four were picked and by November 1980, a vehicle configuration with two strap-ons on a core booster (S80) with 80 tonne solid propellant loading each, a liquid stage with 30 tonne propellant load (L30) and an upper stage called Perigee-Apogee System (PAS) was being considered.[13][14][15][16]

By 1981, confidence grew in remote sensing spacecraft development with launch of Bhaskara-1 and the PSLV project objectives were upgraded to have vehicle deliver 1000 kg payload in 900 km SSO. As technology transfer of Viking rocket engine firmed up, a new lighter configuration shifting away from relying on three large solid boosters was proposed by team led by APJ Abdul Kalam and eventually selected.[17][18] Funding was approved in July 1982 for finalized design employing a single large S125 solid core as first stage with six 9 tonne strap-ons (S9) derived from SLV-3 first stage, liquid fueled second stage (L33) and two solid upper stages S7 and S2. This configuration needed further improvement to meet the orbital injection accuracy requirements of IRS satellites and hence solid terminal stage (S2) was replaced with a pressure fed liquid fueled stage (L1.8 or LUS) powered by twin engines derived from roll control engines of first stage. Apart from increasing precision, liquid upper stage also absorbed any deviation in performance of solid third stage. Final configuration of PSLV D1 to fly in 1993 was (6 × S9 + S125) + L37.5 + S7 + L2.[14][15]

The inertial navigation systems are developed by ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) at Thiruvananthapuram. The liquid propulsion stages for the second and fourth stages of PSLV as well as the Reaction control systems (RCS) are developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) at Mahendragiri near Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. The solid propellant motors are processed at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR) at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh which also carries out launch operations.

The PSLV was first launched on 20 September 1993. The first and second stages performed as expected, but an attitude control problem led to the collision of the second and third stages at separation, and the payload failed to reach orbit.[19] After this initial setback, the PSLV successfully completed its second mission in 1994.[20] The fourth launch of PSLV suffered a partial failure in 1997, leaving its payload in a lower than planned orbit. By Nov 2014 the PSLV had launched 34 times with no further failures.[21]

(Although launch 41: Aug 2017 PSLV-C39 was unsuccessful.[2])

PSLV continues to support Indian and foreign satellite launches especially for low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. It has undergone several improvements with each subsequent version, especially those involving thrust, efficiency as well as weight. In November 2013, it was used to launch the Mars Orbiter Mission, India's first interplanetary probe.[22]

ISRO is planning to privatise the operations of PSLV and will work through a joint venture with private industries. The integration and launch will be managed an industrial consortium through Antrix Corporation.[23]

In June 2018, the Union Cabinet approved {{INRConvert|6131|c}} for 30 operational flights of the PSLV scheduled to take place between 2019 and 2024.[24]

Vehicle description

The PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The first stage, one of the largest solid rocket boosters in the world, carries {{cvt|138|MT|lb}} tonnes of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene-bound (HTPB) propellant and develops a maximum thrust of about {{convert|4800|kN}}. The {{cvt|2.8|m}} diameter motor case is made of maraging steel and has an empty mass of {{convert|30200|kg}}.[25] Pitch and yaw control during first stage flight is provided by the Secondary Injection Thrust Vector Control System (SITVC), which injects an aqueous solution of strontium perchlorate into the nozzle to produce asymmetric thrust. The solution is stored in two cylindrical aluminium tanks strapped to the solid rocket motor and pressurised with nitrogen. Roll control is provided by two small liquid engines on opposite sides of the stage, the Roll Control Thrusters (RCT).

On the PSLV and PSLV-XL, first stage thrust is augmented by six strap-on solid boosters. Four boosters are ground-lit and the remaining two ignite 25 seconds after launch. The solid boosters carry {{cvt|9|MT|lb}} or {{cvt|12|MT|lb}} (for PSLV-XL configuration) propellant and produce {{cvt|510|kN}} and {{cvt|719|kN}} thrust respectively. Two strap-on boosters are equipped with SITVC for additional attitude control.[25] The PSLV-CA uses no strap-on boosters.

The second stage employs the Vikas engine and carries {{cvt|41.5|MT|lb}} of liquid propellant{{spaced ndash}}unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) as oxidiser. It generates a maximum thrust of {{cvt|800|kN}}. The engine is hydraulically gimbaled (±4°) to provide pitch and yaw control, while roll control is provided by two hot gas reaction control motors.

The third stage uses {{cvt|7|MT|lb}} of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene-based solid propellant and produces a maximum thrust of {{cvt|240|kN}}. It has a Kevlar-polyamide fibre case and a submerged nozzle equipped with a flex-bearing-seal gimbaled nozzle (±2°) thrust vector engine for pitch & yaw control. Roll control is provided by the fourth stage reaction control system (RCS).[25]

The fourth stage is powered by regeneratively cooled twin engines,[26] burning monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON). Each engine generates {{cvt|7.4|kN}} thrust and is gimbaled (±3°) to provide pitch, yaw & roll control during powered flight. Coast phase attitude control is provided by RCS. The stage carries up to {{cvt|2500|kg}} of propellant in the PSLV and PSLV-XL and {{cvt|2100|kg}} in the PSLV-CA.[58]

PSLV is developed with a group of wide-range control units.

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Pitch SITVC Engine Gimbal Flex Nozzle Engine Gimbal
Yaw SITVC Engine Gimbal Flex Nozzle Engine Gimbal
Roll RCT and SITVC in 2 PSOMs HRCM Hot Gas Reaction Control Motor PS4 RCS PS4 RCS

Variants

ISRO has envisaged a number of variants of PSLV to cater to different mission requirements. There are currently two operational versions of the PSLV — the core-alone (PSLV-CA) without any strap-on motors, and the (PSLV-XL) version, with six extended length (XL) strap-on motors carrying 12 tonnes of HTPB based propellant each.[27] These configurations provide wide variations in payload capabilities up to {{cvt|3800|kg}} in LEO and {{cvt|1800|kg}} in sun-synchronous orbit.

PSLV-G (retired)

The standard or 'Generic' version of the PSLV, PSLV-G had four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately and six strap-on motors (PSOM or S9) with 9 tonne propellant loading. It had capability to launch {{cvt|1678|kg}} to {{cvt|622|km}} into sun-synchronous orbit. PSLV-C35 was last operational launch of PSLV-G before its discontinuation.[28][29][30]

PSLV-CA

The PSLV-CA, CA meaning "Core Alone", model premiered on 23 April 2007. The CA model does not include the six strap-on boosters used by the PSLV standard variant but two SITVC tanks with Roll Control Thruster modules are still attached to the side of the first stage with addition of two cylindrical aerodynamic stabilizers.[31][30] The fourth stage of the CA variant has {{cvt|400|kg}} less propellant when compared to its standard version.[31] It currently has capability to launch {{cvt|1100|kg}} to {{cvt|622|km}} Sun synchronous orbit.[32]

PSLV-XL

PSLV-XL is the upgraded version of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in its standard configuration boosted by more powerful, stretched strap-on boosters with 12 tonne propellant load.[31] Weighing {{cvt|320|MT|lb}} at lift-off, the vehicle uses larger strap-on motors (PSOM-XL or S12) to achieve higher payload capability.[33] On 29 December 2005, ISRO successfully tested the improved version of strap-on booster for the PSLV.[34] The first use of PSLV-XL was the launch of Chandrayaan-1 by PSLV C11. The payload capability for this variant is {{cvt|1800|kg}} to SSO.[32]

PSLV-DL

PSLV-DL variant has only two strapons boosters with 12 tonne propellant load on them. PSLV-C44 on 24 January 2019 was the first flight to use PSLV-DL variant of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.[35][36]

PSLV-QL

PSLV-QL variant has four ground-lit strap-on boosters with a combined propellant load of 48 tonnes. PSLV-C45 on 1 April 2019 was the the first flight of PSLV-QL.[37]

PSLV-3S (Concept)

PSLV-3S was conceived as a three-staged version of PSLV with its six strap-on boosters and second liquid stage removed. The total lift-off mass of PSLV-3S was expected to be 175 tonnes with capacity to place 500 kg in 550 km low Earth orbit.[32][38][39][40][41]

Launch history

{{main|List of PSLV launches}}{{#section-h: List of PSLV launches | Launch history}}
Variant Launches Successes Failures Partial failures
PSLV-G (Standard) 12 10 1 1
PSLV-CA (Core Alone) 13 13 0 0
PSLV-XL (Extended)[2] 20 19 1 0
PSLV-DL[2] 1 1 0 0
PSLV-QL[2] 1 1 0 0
2019|April|df=|lc=yes|since=}}[42] 47 44 2 1

See also

  • Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
  • Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III
  • Comparison of orbital launchers families
  • Medium-lift launch vehicle, 2,000 to 20,000 kg to LEO
  • Comparison of orbital rocket engines
  • Comparison of orbital launch systems

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=SURPLUS MISSILE MOTORS: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers|url=http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-609|website=GAO.gov|publisher=U.S. Government Accountability Office|accessdate=2 May 2018|date=16 August 2017}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite web | url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv | title= Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle | accessdate=2014-12-21}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bsxindia.com/SomnathProjectDirector.pdf|title=Access to Space|year=2011 |accessdate=March 8, 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7O-eo4fuNc&t=60|title=ISRO at India Mobile Congress 2017|accessdate=September 29, 2017}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c37-cartosat-2-series-satellite/pslv-c37-brochure-0|title=PSLV-C37 Brochure|publisher=ISRO}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=PSLV_C41_Brochure|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/10157/for_web.pdf|accessdate=9 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409123338/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/10157/for_web.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2018}}
7. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/launchvehicles.aspx | title=Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles | accessdate=2014-04-08}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/world/asia/india-satellites-rocket.html|title=India Launches 104 Satellites From a Single Rocket, Ramping Up Space Race|last=Barry|first=Ellen|date=2017-02-15|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2017-02-15|issn=0362-4331}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-record-satellites-launch-10-top-facts/articleshow/57159213.cms|title=ISRO's record satellites' launch: 10 top facts - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-02-15}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/galleries/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%20-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8035%20/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F-1%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80/scatsatspacecraftintegratedwithpslv-c35withtwohalvesoftheheatshieldsseen.jpg|title=PSLV C35 / Scatsat-1 with Dual Launch Adapter|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=19 December 2017}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/103ISC/status/684377754599477248|title=Here's the #103ISC Official Newsletter 2nd edition brought by Journalism students and researchers. 2/2 @PIB_Indiapic.twitter.com/mLq9CZnY5T|last=Cong|first=Indian Science|date=5 January 2016|website=@103ISC|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-19}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sstl.co.uk/Missions/DMC3-Launched-2015/DMC3/The-DMC3-Constellation-launch-in-photos|title=The DMC3 Constellation launch in photos|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=19 December 2017}}
13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbbMj56ht8sC&pg=PA215|title=Indian ambitions in space go sky-high|last=|first=|date=22 January 1981|work=New Scientist|page=215}}
14. ^1 {{Cite book|title=A brief history of rocketry in ISRO|last=Rao|first=P.V. Monoranjan|last2=Radhakrishnan|first2=Paramaswaran|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2012|isbn=978-8173717642|location=|pages=215}}
15. ^1 {{Cite book|title=From fishing hamlet to red planet|last=|first=|publisher=Harpercollins|year=2015|isbn=978-9351776895|editor-last=Rao|editor-first=P.V. Manoranjan|location=|pages=|chapter=2.6 PSLV: The workhorse of ISRO by N. Narayanamoorthy}}
16. ^{{Cite book|title=Reach For the Stars: The Evolution of India's Rocket Programme|last=Raj|first=Gopal|publisher=Viking|year=2000|isbn=978-0670899500|location=|pages=|chapter=8. PSLV: Achieving Operational Launch Capability|quote=About a year later, an important change was made, with the solid fourth stage being substituted by a liquid stage. This change was considered necessary since the accuracy with which the IRS satellites had to be put into orbit — within 15 km in terms of orbital height and within 0.1 degree of the desired orbital inclination — could not be achieved with a solid stage.}}
17. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/apj-abdul-kalams-contribution-making-india-a-member-of-space-club-1026681.html|title=APJ Abdul Kalam's contribution in making India a member of space club|work=News18|access-date=2018-10-14}}
18. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PdboDsin90C|title=Ignited Minds: Unleashing The Power Within India|last=Abdul|first=Kalam A. P. J.|date=|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2010|isbn=978-81-317-2960-1|page=34}}
19. ^{{cite web |title=India (Launchers) |url=http://claudelafleur.qc.ca/Indians-launchers.html|website=Spacecraft Encyclopedia|accessdate=12 November 2014}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=PSLV (1)|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv_1.htm|website=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=12 November 2014}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=PSLV|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pslv.htm|website=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=12 November 2014}}
22. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.isro.org/satellites/mars-orbiter-spacecraft.aspx | title=Welcome To ISRO :: Mars Orbiter Mission | accessdate=2014-04-08}}
23. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/isro-looks-jv-pslv-manufacture-launch-privatized-2020/|title=ISRO looks at JV for PSLV manufacture; launch to be privatized by 2020|date=2017-10-26|work=Geospatial World|access-date=2017-10-26|language=en-US}}
24. ^{{cite web |title=Government approves Rs 10,000-crore continuation programmes for PSLV, GSLV |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/government-approves-rs-10000-crore-continuation-programmes-for-pslv-gslv/articleshow/64483323.cms |website=The Economic Times |accessdate=8 June 2018 |date=7 June 2018}}
25. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|title=PSLV Launch Vehicle Information|url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/pslv-launch-vehicle-information.html|website=Spaceflight 101|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=http://asaco.in/aerospace/sub-systems-for-aerospace/|title=ASACO sub-systems for space.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211095555/http://asaco.in:80/aerospace/sub-systems-for-aerospace/|archive-date=16 October 2018|dead-url=|access-date=16 October 2018}}
27. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article2230282.ece |title=The PSLV is a proud symbol of ISRO's self-reliance | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu |first=T.S. |last=Subramanian |date=15 July 2011}}
28. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pslv-c34-isro-s-biggest-launch-event-as-it-unfolded/story-60VI3nZjesqzhjWVUifj4H.html|title=Where India reaches for the stars: Inside ISRO’s Sriharikota Centre|last=|first=|date=2016-06-22|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-09-15|language=en|quote=Today, the PSLV is available in three configurations — the generic vehicle with six strap-ons, which is the earlier edition of PSLV (which will be discontinued soon)}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7064/outcomebudget2016-2017.pdf |title=Outcome Budget 2016-2017 |publisher=Government of India, Department of Space |date=2016 |access-date=15 September 2018 |quote=Currently, two versions of PSLV are operational, namely PSLV-XL (with six extended version of Strap-on motors) and the PSLV Core-alone (without Strap-on motors).}}
30. ^1 {{Cite book|title=From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey|last=|first=|publisher=Harpercollins|year=2015|isbn=978-9351776895|location=|pages=|chapter=2.6 PSLV: The Workhorse of ISRO by N. Narayanamoorthy|quote=|postscript=}}
31. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html |title=PSLV Datasheet}}
32. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.earth2orbit.com/pdf/PSLV.PDF|title=India's PSLV|last=|first=|date=15 March 2009|website=www.earth2orbit.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710163553/http://www.earth2orbit.com/pdf/PSLV.PDF|archive-date=10 July 2011|dead-url=true|access-date=}}
33. ^PSLV-C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-1 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025031443/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Oct22_2008.htm |date=25 October 2008 }}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/newsletters/spaceindia/oct2005mar2006/Newsolid.htm|title=New Solid Propellant Motor to Increase PSLV Capability|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=ISRO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217222352/http://isro.org:80/newsletters/spaceindia/oct2005mar2006/Newsolid.htm|archive-date=17 February 2009|dead-url=|access-date=}}
35. ^{{cite news |last1=Rajwi |first1=Tiki |title=SLV-C44 to lift-off with added features |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c44-to-lift-off-with-added-features/article25972663.ece |accessdate=11 January 2019}}
36. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-lift-off-with-added-features/article25981654.ece|title=PSLV lift-off with added features|last=Rajwi|first=Tiki|date=2019-01-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c45-emisat-mission/launch-kit|title=Launch Kit C45|publisher=ISRO|accessdate=23 March 2019}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252007/1697.pdf|title=Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies|last=|first=|date=25 Dec 2007|website=www.ias.ac.in|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524225122/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252007/1697.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2011|dead-url=true|access-date=}}
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42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv |title= Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle |access-date=29 November 2018}}

External links

{{commons category}}
  • PSLV : Official ISRO Page
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027104026/http://geocities.com/hari_ghk/pslv.htm India in Space PSLV page]
{{PSLV}}{{Expendable launch systems}}{{Indian space programme}}

4 : Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|ISRO space launch vehicles|Vehicles introduced in 1993|Expendable space launch systems
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