“Polish Council of State”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Council of State of the Republic of Poland was introduced by the Small Constitution of 1947.^[1] It was preceded by the State National Council created in 1943 by Gomułka.^[2] The Council of State consisted of the President of the Republic of Poland, the Marshal and Vice-marshals of the Sejm, President of the Supreme Chamber of Control and other members. The Council of State had the power to approve decrees issued by the Council of Ministers of the Sejm, exercise the supreme control over the local national councils, approve promulgation of laws concerning the budget and military draft, declare a state of emergency and martial law, originate bills and others.^[3]

Under Article 29 of the 1952 Constitution of the Polish People's Republic, the Council of State consisted of seventeen people: its chairman, four deputy chairmen, its secretary and eleven other members. All were elected by the Sejm during its first session after elections.^[4] Members did not have to be Sejm deputies. They were usually chosen from the Polish United Workers' Party. although occasionally the council contained non-party members.^[5] The council as a whole was officially Poland's head of state, though in practice this role was usually fulfilled by the chairman,^[6] who was often called the "President of Poland" in foreign countries.^[7] As collective head of state, it ratified or renounced international agreements, appointed and recalled the representatives of Poland to other states and to international organizations; it conferred orders and had the power of pardon. Some of its other Constitutional functions were:^[4]

When the Sejm was not in session, the Council of State had the power to issue decrees that had the force of law. These decrees had to be approved by the Sejm at its next session.^[8] In practice, however, the principles of democratic centralism made such approval a mere formality.

The Council of State was repealed on July 19, 1989 by a constitutional amendment. Some of its functions were transferred to the re-created office of the President of the Republic of Poland.

Chairmen of the Council of State

See also

Notes and references

1. ^{{Cite book |last=Ajnenkiel |first=Andrzej |authorlink=Andrzej Ajnenkiel |year=1982 |title=Polskie Konstytucje |language=pl |publisher=Wiedza Powszechna |location=Warsaw |pages=232 |isbn=978-83-214-0256-7 }}
2. ^{{Cite book|author1=Brzoza, Czesław |author2=Sowa, Andrzej Leon |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2009 |title=Historia Polski 1918–1945 [History of Poland: 1918–1945] |language=pl |location=Kraków |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |pages=623–625 |isbn=978-83-08-04125-3 }}
3. ^{{harvnb|Ajnenkiel|1982|pages=361–363}}
4. ^¹{{Cite book|editor=Simons, William B. |year=1980 |title=The Constitutions of the Communist World |location=Alphen ann den Rijn, the Netherlands|publisher=Sijthoff & Noordhoff |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SVl4sNPzWlwC&pg=PA295 295–296] |isbn=978-90-286-0070-6}}
5. ^{{Cite book|author=Sakwa, George |year=1976 |title=The Organisation and Work of the Polish Sejm 1952–72 |location=Birmingham, England |publisher=Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham|page=7|oclc=4330848}}
6. ^{{Cite book|author=Cieplak, Tadeusz N. |chapter=Section 4. The Government: Introduction |editor=Cieplak, Tadeusz N. |year=1972|title=Poland Since 1956: Readings and essays on Polish government and politics |location=New York |publisher=Twayne Publishers |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QOc3RKTiNBEC&pg=PA207 207] |oclc=282099}}
7. ^{{Cite book|author=Lepak, Keith John |year=1988 |chapter=Political System I, 1971-1976: Edward Gierek, the party-state, and Polish society |title=Prelude to Solidarity: Poland and the Politics of the Gierek Regime |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRcqE5Kht4C&pg=PA56 56] |isbn=978-0-231-06608-2}}
8. ^Chapter 3 of 1952 Constitution