“Communism in Sumatra”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Communism in Sumatra has historically had an influence in the politics and society of Sumatra.

History

In May 1914, Hendricus Sneevliet (alias Maring) established the Indies Social-Democratic Association (ISDV), which became the Communist Association of the Indies (Perserikatan Komunisi di Hindia) in May 1920 and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) in 1924.^[2] Backed by the Communist International (Cominterm) in Moscow, the PKI became active among trade unionists and rural villagers in Sumatra. In 1926 and 1927, despite advice by Tan Malaka, a Comintern agent from Sumatra, to the contrary, local leaders instigated rural insurrections in western Java and Sumatra.^[2] The government moved decisively to crush the insurrections and imprison communist leaders.^[2] Some, like Tan Malaka, fled into exile. But 1,300 communists were exiled to the grim Boven Digul penal colony in West New Guinea.^[2] The PKI all but disappeared, not to be an important actor on the political stage until after independence.^[2] Perhaps the most prominent outbreak was the 1927 Communist Uprising in Sumatra.^[3] When the Japanese invaded Sumatra in 1942, the Communist party in North Sumatra refrained from joining in the resistance against the Japanese.^[4]

Incidentally, Hadji Abdullah Ahmad, a noted anti-communist and religious leader was from the Minangkabau Highlands, where communism was active.^[5] Numerous examples of anti-communist resentment also occurred, for instance during the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966, PKI-organised squatters' movements and campaigns against foreign businesses in Sumatra's plantations provoked quick reprisals against Communists.

Repression against alleged PKI members and sympathizers continued for several years. As late as 1976 mass lay-offs of former members of the communist plantation workers' union Sarbupri members took place in Sumatra, actions motivated by the communist past of these individuals.^[6]

PRRI rebellion

During the PRRI rebellion, the insurgents arrested leftist activists and placed them in detention camps in West Sumatra. PKI cadres were detained at Situjuh and Suliki, whilst followers of the national communist Murba Party and other groups were detained at the Muara Labuh camp.^[7]

PKI in Aceh

In the northern-most province of Sumatra, Aceh, PKI was rather weak in the heyday of the party.^[12]^[13] There were around 2,000-3,000 communists in Aceh during the early 1960s.^[8] The party membership was largely made up by Javanese migrant labourers, such as plantation and railway workers.^[12]^[9] The establishment of PKI in Aceh was met with stern resistance from the local ulema.^[12] Notably PKI had opposed giving provincial status to Aceh, a position that isolated the party in Acehnese politics.^[10] When an armed rebellion, seeking the establishment of an Islamic state in Aceh, broke out in 1951 many PKI members left Aceh.^[11]

When a provincial DPRD (council) for Aceh was appointed by the Minister of Home Affairs in January 1957, PKI was allocated one out of thirty seats.^[12] In 1961 a new provincial DPRD was appointed, with two seats for PKI.^[13]

The first massacres of PKI sympathizers during the 1965-1966 took place in Aceh. Reports emerged from Aceh that thousands were killed in the massacres, in which entire families of alleged PKI sympathizers along with their domestic servants were annihilated.^[14] The First Secretary of the PKI branch in Aceh, Samikidin, was executed.^[15] An all-Acehnese conference ulema and military officers held December 15–16, 1965 issued a fatwa stating that any Muslim that died in combat with PKI would be considered a martyr. Moreover, the conference labelled communism haram and called for the abolition of PKI. Through provincial legislation PKI was formally banned in Aceh in December 1965, whilst the party was only formally banned in the rest of Indonesia in March 1966.^[16]

PKI in East Sumatra

A East Sumatra District Committee of PKI was set up in 1950. A. Indigo, Abdullah Nst., B. Siagian, Ngalimum and Hasan Raid were leading figures of the District Committee.^[17] By the early 1960s, PKI had a mass following in the plantation areas of East Sumatra. The party was, organizationally speaking, the strongest political force in the area at the time.^[18]

References

1. ^{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Lynn L.|title=Change and continuity in Minangkabau: local, regional, and historical perspectives on West Sumatra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEe1AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=7 August 2012|year=1985|publisher=Ohio University Center for International Studies|isbn=978-0-89680-127-1|page=228}}
2. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/14.htm|title=THE GROWTH OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS|publisher=Library of Congress Country Studies|accessdate=7 August 2012}}
3. ^{{cite journal|author=Kahin, Audrey R.|title=Indonesia:The 1927 Communist Uprising in Sumatra: A Reappraisal|journal=Indonesia|volume=62|issue = 62|pages=19–36|publisher=Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell University, No. 62 (Oct., 1996), pp. 19-36, accessed via JSTOR|jstor = 3351390|year=1996|doi=10.2307/3351390}}
4. ^{{cite book|last=Fusayama|first=Takao|title=A Japanese Memoir of Sumatra, 1945-1946: Love and Hatred in the Liberation War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAdXiQbcUJkC&pg=PA121|accessdate=9 August 2012|date=31 March 2010|publisher=Equinox Publishing|isbn=978-602-8397-19-3|page=121}}
5. ^{{cite book|last=McVey|first=Ruth T.|title=The Rise of Indonesian Communism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1w7cDh_HhgC&pg=PA468|accessdate=7 August 2012|year=2006|publisher=Equinox Publishing|isbn=978-979-3780-36-8|page=468}}
6. ^Stoler, Ann Laura. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vLUDdnas8xoC&pg=PA163 Capitalism and Confrontation in Sumatra's Plantation Belt, 1870-1979]. Ann Arbor, Mich: The University of Michigan Press, 1995. pp. 163-164
7. ^Kahin, Audrey, and George McTurnan Kahin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WnRTP-olmNQC Subversion As Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia]. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995. p. 147
8. ^Siegel, James T. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWemOGA95IoC&pg=PA408 The Rope of God]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. p. 408
9. ^¹Crouch, Harold. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PiAG8XLlqRAC&pg=PA282 Political Reform in Indonesia After Soeharto]. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), 2010. p. 282
10. ^Sjamsuddin, Nazaruddin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=73VYfb1PG8AC&pg=PA260 The Republican Revolt: A Study of the Acehnese Rebellion]. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985. p. 260
11. ^Graf, Arndt, Susanne Schröter, and Edwin Wieringa. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bot-AT4wZPAC&pg=PA Aceh: History, Politics and Culture]. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), 2010. p. 75
12. ^Sjamsuddin, Nazaruddin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=73VYfb1PG8AC&pg=PA268 The Republican Revolt: A Study of the Acehnese Rebellion]. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985. p. 268
13. ^Sjamsuddin, Nazaruddin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=73VYfb1PG8AC&pg=PA317 The Republican Revolt: A Study of the Acehnese Rebellion]. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985. p. 317
14. ^Crouch, Harold. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TJptHWc4i1EC&pg=PA142 The Army and Politics in Indonesia]. Equinox Publishing (Asia), 2007. pp. 142-143
15. ^Sjamsuddin, Nazaruddin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=73VYfb1PG8AC&pg=PA80 The Republican Revolt: A Study of the Acehnese Rebellion]. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985. p. 80
16. ^¹²³Salim, Arskal. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pnUI036m3tUC&pg=PA144 Challenging the Secular State: The Islamization of Law in Modern Indonesia]. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009. pp. 144-145
17. ^Het nieuwsblad voor Sumatra. PKI in Oost-Sumatra 11-05-1950
18. ^Jackson, Karl D., and Lucian W. Pye. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ktP7qHLI8gcC&pg=PA179 Political Power and Communications in Indonesia]. Berkeley [u.a.]: University of California Press, 1980. p. 179