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词条 Comparison of commercial battery types
释义

  1. Common characteristics

  2. Rechargeable characteristics

  3. Thermal runaway

  4. NiCd vs. NiMH vs. Li-ion vs. Li-polymer vs. LTO

  5. See also

  6. References

Common characteristics

Cell chemistryAlso known asElectrodeRe­charge­ableCom­mercial­izedVoltageEnergy densitySpecific powerCost{{ref|cost|†Discharge efficiencySelf-discharge rateShelf life
AnodeCathode Cutoff Nominal 100% SOC by mass by volume
yearVVVMJ/kg
(Wh/kg)		MJ/L
(Wh/L)		W/kgWh/$
($/kWh)		%%/monthyears
Lead-acid SLA
VRLA		 Lead Lead dioxide {{yes}} 1881[1] 1.75[2] 2.1[2] 2.23–2.32[2]{{convert|30|-|40|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[2]}}{{convert|60|-|75|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[2]}} 180[2]7|-|18|Wh/$|2014}}[2] 50–92[2] 3–20[2]
Zinc-carbon Carbon-zincZinc Manganese (IV) oxide {{no}} 1898[3] 0.75–0.9[3] 1.5[3]36|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[3]92|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[3] 10–27[3]3.2|Wh/$|2014}}[3] 50–60[3] 0.32[3] 3–5[4]
Zinc-air PR Oxygen {{no}} 1932[5] 0.9[5] 1.45–1.65[5]442|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[5]1673|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[5] 100[5]2.8|Wh/$|2014}}[5] 60–70[5] 0.17[5] 3[5]
Mercury oxide-zinc Mercuric oxide
Mercury cell		 Mercuric oxide {{no}} 1942–[6] 1996[7] 0.9[8] 1.35[8]{{convert|99|-|123|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[8]}}{{convert|300|-|500|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[8]}}24|month|year|0|disp=number}}[6]
AlkalineMnO|2}}
LR		Manganese (IV) oxide {{no}} 1949[9] 0.9[10] 1.5[11] 1.6[10]{{convert|85|-|190|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[12]}}{{convert|250|-|434|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[12]}} 50[12]0.5|Wh/$|2014}}[12] 45–85[12] 0.17[12] 5–10[4]
Rechargeable alkaline RAM {{yes}} 1992[13] 0.9[14] 1.57[14] 1.6[14]1 !}} <1[13]
Silver-oxide SR Silver oxide {{no}} 1960[15] 1.2[16] 1.55[16] 1.6[17]130|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[17]500|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[17]
Nickel-zinc NiZnNickel oxide hydroxide {{yes}} 2009[13] 0.9[13] 1.65[13] 1.85[13] 13[13]
Nickel-iron NiFe Iron {{yes}} 1901[18] 0.75[19] 1.2[19] 1.65[19]{{convert|19|-|25|Wh|MJ|2|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[20]}}125|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[21] 100150|-|200|$/kWh|2006}}[1] 20–30 30–[22] 50[23][24]
Nickel-cadmium NiCd
NiCad		 Cadmium {{yes}}1960 !}}c. 1960[25] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2[27] 1.3[26]30|Wh|MJ|2|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[27]100|Wh|MJ|2|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[27] 150–200[28] 10[13]
Nickel-hydrogenNiH|2}}
{{chem|Ni-H|2}}		 Hydrogen {{yes}} 1975[29] 1.0[30] 1.55[28]{{convert|45|-|65|Wh|MJ|2|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[28]}}60|Wh|MJ|2|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[31] 150–200[28] 5[31]
Nickel-metal hydride NiMH
Ni-MH		Metal hydride {{yes}} 1990[1] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2[11] 1.3[26]0.36|MJ|Wh|disp=br()|abbr=values}}[11]{{#expr:2700/1000 * 1.2 / (pi * (14.3/2)^2 * 50.3 / 1000000) round 0}}|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[32] 250–1000250|$/kWh|2006}}[1] 30[33]
Low self-discharge nickel-metal hydride LSD NiMH {{yes}} 2005[34] 0.9–1.05[26] 1.2 1.3[26]95|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[35]{{#expr:2400/1000 * 1.2 / (pi * (14.35/2)^2 * 50.4 / 1000000) round 0}}|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[36] 250–1000 {{#expr:5/12 round 2}}[33]
Lithium-manganese dioxide{{chem>Li-MnO|2}}
CR
Li-Mn		Lithium Manganese dioxide {{no}} 1976[37] 2[38] 3[11]{{convert|150|-|330|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[39]}}{{convert|300|-|710|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[39]}} 250–400[39] 1 5-10[39]
Lithium-carbon monofluorideLi-(CF)|x}}
BR		 Carbon monofluoride {{no}} 1976[37] 2[40] 3[40]{{convert|260|-|780|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[39]}}{{convert|440|-|1478|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[39]}} 50–80[39] 0.2–0.3[41] 15[39]
Lithium-iron disulfideLi-FeS|2}}
FR		 Iron disulfide {{no}} 1989[42] 0.9[42] 1.5[42] 1.8[42]297|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[42]580|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[43]
Lithium–titanateLi|4|Ti|5|O|12}}
 Lithium manganese oxide or Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide {{yes}} 2008[44] 1.6-1.8[45] 2.3-2.4[45] 2.8[45]60-110|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}177|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}} 3,000-5,100[46]2000|$/kWh|2016}}[46] 85[46] 2-5[46] 10–20[46]
Lithium cobalt oxideLiCoO|2}}
ICR
LCO
Li‑cobalt[47]		Graphite{{ref|graphite|‡}} Lithium cobalt oxide {{yes}} 1991[48] 2.5[49] 3.7[50] 4.2[49]195|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[50]560|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[50]300|$/kWh|2006}}[1]
Lithium iron phosphateLiFePO|4}}
IFR
LFP
Li‑phosphate[47]		 Lithium iron phosphate {{yes}} 1996[51] 2[49] 3.2[50] 3.65[49]{{convert|90|-|130|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[50]}}333|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[50] 200 [52] 4.5
Lithium manganese oxideLiMn|2|O|4}}
IMR
LMO
Li‑manganese[47]		 Lithium manganese oxide {{yes}} 1999[1] 2.5[53] 3.9[50] 4.2[53]150|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[50]420|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[50]300|$/kWh|2006}}[1]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxideLiNiCoAlO|2}}
NCA
Li‑aluminum[47]		 Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide {{yes}} 1999 3.0[54] 3.6[50] 4.3[54]220|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[50]600|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[50]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxideLiNiMnCoO|2}}
INR
NMC[47]
NCM[50]		 Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide {{yes}} 2008[55] 2.5[49] 3.6[50] 4.2[49]205|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[50]580|Wh|MJ|disp=br()|abbr=values|order=flip}}[50]
{{note|cost|†}} Cost in USD, adjusted for inflation.{{note|graphite|‡}} Typical. See {{section link|Lithium-ion battery|Negative electrode}} for alternative electrode materials.

Rechargeable characteristics

Cell chemistry Charge efficiency Cycle durability
%# cycles
Lead-acid 50–92[2] 500 typical, 800 max[2]
Rechargeable alkaline 5–100[13]
Nickel-zinc 100 to 50% capacity[13]
Nickel-iron 65–80 5000
Nickel-cadmium 500[25]
Nickel-hydrogen 20,000[31]
Nickel-metal hydride 66 300–800[13]
Low self-discharge nickel-metal hydride battery 500–1500[13]
Lithium cobalt oxide 90 500–1000
Lithium–titanate 85-90 6000–10000 to 90% capacity[46]
Lithium iron phosphate 90 7000 to 80% capacity
Lithium manganese oxide 90 300–700
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide 90 1000–1500[56]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide 90 5000[56]

Thermal runaway

Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design, and charge only the worst-case values are reflected here.[57]

Cell chemistry OverchargeOverheat
Onset Onset Runaway Peak
SOC%°C°C°C/min
Lithium cobalt oxide 150[57] 165[57] 190[57] 440[57]
Lithium iron phosphate 100[57] 220[57] 240[57] 21[57]
Lithium manganese oxide 110[57] 210[57] 240[57] 100+[57]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide 125[57] 140[57] 195[57] 260[57]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide 170[57] 160[57] 230[57] 100+[57]

NiCd vs. NiMH vs. Li-ion vs. Li-polymer vs. LTO

Types Cell Voltage Self-discharge Memory Cycles Times Temperature Weight
NiCd 1.2V 20%/month Yes Up to 800 -20℃ To 60℃ Heavy
NiMH 1.2V 30%/month Mild Up to 500 -20℃ To 70℃ Middle
Low Self Discharge NiMH 1.2V 1%/month - 3%/year [58] No 500 - 2000 -20℃ To 70℃ Middle
Li-ion (LCO) 3.6V 5-10%/month No 500-1000 -40℃ To 70℃ Light
LiPo (LCO) 3.7V 5-10%/month No 500-1000 -40℃ To 80℃ Lightest
Li-Ti (LTO) 2.4V 2-5%/month[46] No 6k-20k -40℃ To 55℃ Light
[59]

See also

  • Battery nomenclature
  • Experimental rechargeable battery types
  • List of battery sizes
  • List of battery types
  • Search for the Super Battery (2017 PBS film)

References

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59. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.powertoollab.com/power-tool-battery-types/|title=Best Power Tool Battery Types: NiCd VS NiMH VS li-ion VS li-polymer|first=Caio|last=Resende|date=3 November 2017|publisher=}}
{{Galvanic cells}}{{Battery sizes}}

1 : Battery (electricity)
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