请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Comparison of crewed space vehicles
释义

  1. Orbital space vehicles

  2. Suborbital space vehicles

  3. Footnotes

  4. See also

  5. References

A number of different spacecraft have been used to carry people to and from outer space.

Orbital space vehicles

{{Clear}}Legend for below table:   [under development] — [retired] — [operational]
Spacecraft Origin Manufacturer Range Launch
system		 Crew
size		 Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power
system		 Payload
to/from ISS (kg)		 First
spaceflight*		 Last
spaceflight		 Flights*
MercuryUSA}} McDonnell Aircraft
North American Aviation		 LEO
attained		 Redstone MRLV
Atlas LV-3B		1}}3.34}}1.89}} Batteries{{nts|1961|format=no}} (1960)1963|format=no}}6|format=no}}
(12)[1]
GeminiUSA}} McDonnell Aircraft
Martin		 LEO Titan II GLV
Titan IIIC[2]		2}}5.56}}3.05}} Fuel cells{{nts|1965|format=no}} (1964)1966|format=no}}10|format=no}}
(2)[3]
ApolloUSA}} North American Aviation
Grumman and Douglas		 Lunar Saturn IB
Saturn V		3}}8.5}}3.91}}5,500 CM + 14,700 LM
24,500 Service Module		 Fuel cells{{nts|1967|format=no}} (1966)1975|format=no}}15|format=no}}
(4)[3]
Space Shuttle orbiterUSA}} United Space Alliance LEO Space Shuttle8}}[4]37.24}}4.8}}[5]109,000 Fuel cells12,500}}/16,000{{nts|1981|format=no}}2011|format=no}}135|format=no}}[6]
OrionUSA}} Lockheed Martin
Astrium		 Mars Delta IV Heavy
Space Launch System		6}}3.3}}5}}8,900 Capsule
12,300 Service Module		 Solar PanelsPlanned: {{nts|2021|format=no}} (2014)0|format=no}} (1)[7]
ShenzhouChina}} China Academy of Space Technology LEO Chang Zheng 2F3}}9.25}}2.80}}{{nts|7,840}} Solar panels{{nts|2003|format=no}} (1999) Active7|format=no}}
(4)
GaganyaanIndia}} Hindustan Aeronautics Limited LEO GSLV Mk III3}}7}}3}} 7800 Solar Panels Soyuz 7K-TUSSR}} OKB-1 LEO Soyuz
Soyuz-U		2}}7.48}}2.72}} Batteries{{nts|1973|format=no}}1981|format=no}}26|format=no}} (4)[8]
VoskhodUSSR}} OKB-1 LEO Voskhod3}}[9]5}}2.4}} Batteries{{nts|1964|format=no}} (1964)1965|format=no}}2}} (3)
VostokUSSR}} OKB-1 LEO
first		 Vostok-K1}}4.4}}2.43}}{{nts|4,725}} Batteries{{nts|1961|format=no}} (1960)1963|format=no}}6}} (7)[10]
Soyuz 7K-OKUSSR}} OKB-1 LEO Soyuz3}}7.48}}2.72}} Solar panels{{nts|1967|format=no}} (1966)1970|format=no}}8|format=no}} (8)[11]
Soyuz 7KT-OKUSSR}} OKB-1 LEO Soyuz3}}7.48}}2.72}} Solar panels{{nts|1971|format=no}}1971|format=no}}2|format=no}}[12]
Soyuz 7K-T-AFUSSR}} OKB-1 LEO Soyuz2}}7.48}}2.72}} Solar panels{{nts|1973|format=no}}1973|format=no}}1|format=no}}
Soyuz 7K-TMUSSR}} OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U2}}7.48}}2.72}} Solar panels{{nts|1974|format=no}}1975|format=no}}2|format=no}} (2)
Soyuz 7K-MF6USSR}} OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U2}}7.48}}2.72}} Solar panels{{nts|1976|format=no}}1976|format=no}}1|format=no}}
Soyuz-TUSSR}} OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U
Soyuz-U2		3}}7.48}}2.72}} Solar panels{{nts|1978|format=no}}1986|format=no}}15|format=no}} (6)[13]
Soyuz-TMUSSR}}
{{Flag|Russia}}		 RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-U2
Soyuz-U		3}}7.48}}2.72}} Solar panels{{nts|1986|format=no}}2002|format=no}}33|format=no}} (1)
BuranUSSR}} RKK Energia LEO Energia10}}36.37}} Fuel cells{{nts|(1988)|format=no}}(1988)|format=no}}(1)|format=no}}
Soyuz-TMA
11F732		Russia}} RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG3}}7.48}}2.72}} Solar panels{{nts|2002|format=no}}2012|format=no}}22|format=no}}
Soyuz TMA-M
11F747		Russia}} RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG3}}7.48}}2.72}}{{nts|7,150}} Solar panels{{nts|2010|format=no}}2016|format=no}}19|format=no}}
Soyuz MS
Russia}} RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG3}}7.48}}2.72}} Solar panels{{nts|2016|format=no}} Active3}}
Federatsiya
Russia}} RKK Energia Lunar Soyuz-5
Angara 5		4}} Solar panelsPlanned: {{nts|2023|format=no}}0}}
Biconic Space VehicleUSA}} Blue Origin LEO New Glenn Planned date not known0}}
CST-100 StarlinerUSA}} Boeing LEO multiple, initially Atlas V7}} [15]5.03}} [16]4.56}} [16] Solar panelsPlanned: {{nts|2019|format=no}}0}}
Dream ChaserUSA}} Sierra Nevada Corporation LEO multiple, initially Atlas V7}} [19]9}} [20]{{nts|11,300}} [21] Planned date not known0}}
Dragon 2USA}} SpaceX LEO Falcon 97}}[14]8.1}}[15]3.7}}[16]12055|kg|disp=br()abbr=}[17] Solar Panels3,307}}/2,507Planned: {{nts|2019|format=no}} ({{nts|2019|format=no}}) Active0|format=no}}({{nts|1|format=no}})
StarshipUSA}} SpaceX Solar System[26][18] BFR[26]100}}[19]55}}[26]9}}[26][20]{{nts|1,335,000}}[26] Solar Panelsplanned ({{nts|2020|format=no}}) [26]
planned 2023		0|format=no}}

* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

Suborbital space vehicles

{{clear}}Legend for below table:   [under development] — [retired] — [operational]
Spacecraft Origin Manufacturer Range Launch
system		 Crew
size		 Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power
system		 Generated
power (W)		 First
spaceflight*		 Last
spaceflight		 Flights*
SpaceShipOneUSA}} Scaled Composites 112 km
X Prize		 White Knight
Hybrid Motor		1}} 8.53 8.053,600{{nts|2004|format=no}}2004|format=no}}3|format=no}}[21]
X-15USA}} North American Aviation 108 km
altitude		 B-52
Ammonia-LOX		1}} 15.45 6.815,420{{nts|1963|format=no}}1963|format=no}}2|format=no}}[22]
New ShepardUSA}} Blue Origin 103 kmNew ShepardBE-36}}Planned: {{nts|2019|format=no}}
(2015)		0}} (10)[22]
SpaceShipTwoUSA}} The Spaceship Company 110 km
Kármán line+10		 White Knight Two
RocketMotorTwo		8}}[23] 18.3 8.39,740 December 13 20182|format=no}}[24]

* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

Footnotes

1. ^Including 2 suborbital flights, not including boilerplate tests
2. ^One unmanned launch on Titan IIIC ahead of proposed use in MOL programme
3. ^1 Not including boilerplate tests
4. ^No missions carried more than eight astronauts, although higher crew sizes were theoretically possible, for example recovering the crew of a stranded orbiter.
5. ^Wingspan 23.79m
6. ^Includes two fatal accidents; STS-51-L disintegrated during ascent, STS-107 damaged during ascent, disintegrated during reentry.
7. ^Including unmanned test around 2014
8. ^Manned flights include one launch failure - abort during third stage flight, recovered after suborbital flight
9. ^Able to carry three cosmonauts without spacesuits, or two with spacesuits; both combinations flown
10. ^Unmanned flight count includes two launch failures
11. ^Manned flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 1 lost due to parachute failure upon landing.
12. ^Manned flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 11 depressurised during reentry.
13. ^Manned flights include one launch failure (SAS (launch escape system) used ~70 seconds before planned liftoff due to fire on launch pad - crew survived)
14. ^Number of seats will probably be a multiple of the 3 crew member rotations for the ISS
15. ^{{cite web|title=Falcon 9 |url=https://www.spacex.com/falcon9 |publisher=SpaceX |accessdate=20 January 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715094112/http://www.spacex.com/falcon9 |archivedate=15 July 2013 |df=}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf |title=SpaceX Brochure – 2008 |format=PDF |accessdate=9 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320032815/http://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf |archivedate=20 March 2012 |df=}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/02/28/spacexs-crew-dragon-rolls-out-for-test-flight/|title=SpaceX’s Crew Dragon ready for first test flight – Spaceflight Now|last=Clark|first=Stephen|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02}}
18. ^Designed to land almost everywhere in the solar system
19. ^Number of seats will be lower on early missions
20. ^Plus delta wings
21. ^Does not include manned atmospheric flights
22. ^1 Does not include atmospheric flights, or missions considered spaceflights by the US definition but not the internationally-accepted definition
23. ^2 crew + 6 passengers
24. ^Does not include manned atmospheric flights
25. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/asd/2010/07/20/14.xml&channel=space|title=Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled|work=Aviation Week|date=July 20, 2010|accessdate=September 16, 2010}}
26. ^1 {{cite news|last= Chang|first= Kenneth|title= Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA|newspaper= New York Times|page= D1|date= 2011-02-01|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/science/space/01private.html?_r=4&ref=science&pagewanted=all|accessdate= 2012-08-29|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6MQiVEWfj?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/science/space/01private.html?_r%3D5%26ref%3Dscience%26pagewanted%3Dall%26|archivedate= 2014-01-06|deadurl= no|ref= harv|df =}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2%20Boeing%20CST-100%20Overview.pdf|title=Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System|publisher=Boeing|first=Mike|last=Burghardt|date=August 2011|accessdate=May 8, 2014}}
28. ^1 {{cite web|last=Wade|first=Mark|title=Dream Chaser|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautix|year=2014|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/drehaser.htm|accessdate=2012-08-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6MQimaLmo?url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/drehaser.htm|archivedate=2014-01-06|deadurl=yes|ref=harv|df=}}
29. ^1 {{cite web|last= Sirangelo|first= Mark|title= NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation|date=August 2011|publisher= Spacevidcast|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7sWtEAddkM|accessdate= 2011-08-16}}{{cite web|last= Sirangelo|first= Mark|title= Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser’s First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)|date= 24 August 2014|publisher= AmericaSpace|url= https://www.americaspace.com/2014/08/23/flight-plans-and-crews-for-commercial-dream-chasers-first-flights-one-on-one-interview-with-snc-vp-mark-sirangelo-part-3/}}
30. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=Making Life Multiplanetary|publisher=SpaceX|date=2017-10-18|url=http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/making_life_multiplanetary-2017.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119095146/http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/making_life_multiplanetary-2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-11-19|accessdate=2017-11-19}}

See also

  • Cargo spacecraft (unmanned resupply spacecraft)
  • Comparison of orbital launch systems
  • Comparison of orbital rocket engines
  • Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
  • Human spaceflight

References

[25][26][27][28][29][30]-->
}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Crewed space vehicle comparison}}

2 : Crewed spacecraft|Technological comparisons
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/14 13:36:58