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词条 Comparison of Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear accidents
释义

  1. Radioactive contamination discharge

  2. See also

  3. Notes

  4. References

  5. External links

The following table compares the nuclear accidents at Fukushima Daiichi (2011) and Chernobyl (1986) nuclear power plants.

Plant Name Fukushima Daiichi{{Css Image CropImage = Fukushima_I_by_Digital_Globe_crop.jpgbSize = 200cWidth = 200cHeight = 133oLeft = 0oTop = 21Location = centerDescription = Chernobyl{{Css Image CropImage = Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant.jpgbSize = 200cWidth = 200cHeight = 133oLeft = 0oTop = 0Location = centerDescription =
Location 37.6665|141.0208|display=inline}}51.38946|30.09914|display=inline}}
Date of the accident March 11, 2011 April 26, 1986
INES Level 7 7
Plant commissioning date 1971 1977
Years of operation before the accident {{bulleted list>40 years (Unit 1)|37 years (Unit 2)|35 years (Unit 3)|33 years (Unit 4)}}{{bulleted list>2 years (Unit 4)[1]}}
Electrical output plant (net): 4546 MWe (6 reactors)
reactors (net): 439 MWe (Unit 1), 760 MWe (Units 2–5), 1067 MWe (Unit 6) 		plant (net): 3700 MWe (4 reactors)
reactors (net): 925 MWe (Units 1–4)
Type of reactor BWR-3 and BWR-4 reactors with Mark I containment vessels RBMK-1000 graphite moderated, 2nd generation reactor without containment
Number of reactors 6 on site; 4 (and spent fuel pools) involved in accident; one of the four reactors was empty of fuel at the time of the accident. 4 on site; 1 involved in accident
Amount of nuclear fuel in affected reactors 183.3 kg/assembly;[2] 400 assemblies in reactor 1, 548 assemblies in reactors 2&3, 0 assemblies in reactor 4, total of 1496 assemblies in reactors 1-4;[2][3] 292 assemblies in Unit 1 spent fuel pool (SFP), 587 assemblies in Unit 2 SFP, 514 assemblies in Unit 3 SFP, 1331 assemblies in Unit 4 SFP, total of 2724 assemblies in spent fuel pools 1-4.[4]}} 1 reactor - 210 tons (spent fuel pools not involved in incident)[5]
Cause of the accident date=May 2017}} Proximate cause was human error and violation of procedures. The unsafe reactor design caused instability at low power due to a positive void coefficient and steam formation. When an improper test was conducted at 1:00 am at low power, the reactor became prompt critical. This was followed by a steam explosion that exposed the fuel, a raging fire, and a core meltdown. The fire lasted for days to weeks, and there is controversy over whether it was the fuel burning, nuclear decay heating or whether the graphite moderator that made up most of the core was involved. See Chernobyl Disaster, Note 1, for more discussion.
Maximum level of radiation detected 210 Sv/h inside Unit 2 containment vessel six years after meltdown.[6] 300 Sv/h shortly after the explosion in vicinity of the reactor core.[7]
Radioactivity released As of 2014, a peer reviewed estimate of the total was 340–780 PBq, with 80% falling into the Pacific Ocean.[8] Radiation continues to be released into the Pacific via groundwater.{{convert|5.2|EBq|PBq|abbr=on}}[9][10]
Area affected 60|km|mi}} to northwest and {{convert|40|km|mi}} to south-southwest, according to officials.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}500|km|mi}} away contaminated, according to the United Nations.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}
Exclusion Zone Area 20 km (30 km voluntary) extending north-west to 45 km in the downwind direction to Iitate, Fukushima[11] 30 km
Population relocated 154,000[12] 335,000 (About 115,000 from areas surrounding the reactor in 1986; about 220,000 people from Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine after 1986)
Direct fatalities from the accident None Two immediate trauma deaths; 28 deaths from Acute Radiation Syndrome out of 134 showing symptoms; four from an industrial accident (helicopter crash); 15 deaths from radiation-genic thyroid cancers (as of 2005)[13]
Current status Cold shutdown declared on 16 December 2011, but decommissioning is likely to take 30 to 40 years.[14][15] All fuel rods in reactor 4 pool removed. Fukushima disaster cleanup is ongoing. All reactors were shut down by 2000. The damaged reactor was covered by a hastily built steel and concrete structure called the sarcophagus. A New Safe Confinement structure was installed in November 2016, from which the plant will be cleaned up and decommissioned.

Radioactive contamination discharge

Report datePlacePeriodIodine-131
(TBq)		Caesium-137
(TBq)		Source
fromtofromto
2002Chernobyl25 April – June 19861 600 0001 940 00059 000111 000NEA[16]
22 March 2011Fukushima12 – 15 March 2011400 0003 00030 000ZAMG[17]
2 April 2011Fukushima12 – 19 March 201110 000700 0001 00070 000ZAMG[18]
12 April 2011Fukushima11 March – 5 April[19]150 00012 000NSC[20]
12 April 2011Fukushima11 – 17 March 2011130 0006 100NISA[20]
7 June 2011Fukushima11 – 17 March 2011160 00015 000NISA[21]
24 Aug. 2011Fukushima11 March – 5 April130 00011 000NSC[22]
15 Sept. 2011FukushimaMarch – September100 000200 00010 00020 000Kantei[23]
Report datePlacePeriodAmount
(TBq)		Source
12 April 2011Chernobyl25 April – June 19865 200 000NISA[20]
12 April 2011Fukushima11 March – 5 April 2011630 000NSC[19][20]
12 April 2011Fukushima11 – 17 March 2011370 000NISA[20]
April 2011Fukushima4 April 2011154NSC[19]
25 April 2011Fukushima24 April 201124NSC[19]
6–7 June 2011Fukushima11 – 17 March 2011770 000NISA[24]>[21]
7 June 2011Fukushima11 – 17 March 2011840 000NISA,[25] press printing[24]
17 August 2011Fukushima3–16 August 20110.07Government[26]
23 August 2011Fukushima12 March - 5 April 2011630 000NISA[27]
Report datePeriodInto the sea
(TBq)		Source
directindirect
21 May 20111 – 6 April 20114 700Tepco[28]
End of August 2011March – August 20113 50016 000JMA[29]
8 September 2011March – April 201115 000Scientist Group[30]
29 October 201121 March – 15 July 201127 100IRSN[31]

See also

  • Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=576|title=PRIS - Reactor Details|website=www.iaea.org|access-date=2016-07-14}}
2. ^1 {{cite techreport| title=Fukushima: Background on Reactors| url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Appendices/Fukushima--Reactor-Background/| date=February 2012| accessdate=4 September 2014}} - 183.3 kg / assembly
3. ^{{cite web|author1=International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)|authorlink1=International Atomic Energy Agency|title=The Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Technical Volume 2/5 - Safety Assessment|url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/AdditionalVolumes/P1710/Pub1710-TV2-Web.pdf|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)|accessdate=1 May 2017|page=74|date=August 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web|author1=International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)|authorlink1=International Atomic Energy Agency|title=The Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Technical Volume 1/5 - Description and Context of the Accident|url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/AdditionalVolumes/P1710/Pub1710-TV1-Web.pdf|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)|accessdate=1 May 2017|page=66|date=August 2015}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Chernobyl Accident And Its Consequences - Nuclear Energy Institute|url=https://www.nei.org/Master-Document-Folder/Backgrounders/Fact-Sheets/Chernobyl-Accident-And-Its-Consequences|website=www.nei.org|publisher=Nuclear Energy Institute|accessdate=9 April 2017}} - note that figures were converted into US tons
6. ^{{cite web|last1=Beser|first1=Ari|title=After Alarmingly High Radiation Levels Detected, What Are the Facts in Fukushima?|url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2017/02/22/after-alarmingly-high-radiation-levels-detected-what-are-the-facts-in-fukushima/|website=National Geographic Society (blogs)|publisher=National Geographic Society|accessdate=9 April 2017|date=22 February 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web|url = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA335076|title = JPRS Report: Soviet Union Economic Affairs Chernobyl Notebook|author = B. Medvedev|date =June 1989|publisher = Novy Mir|accessdate =27 March 2011|edition = Republished by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service}}
8. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971301173X?np=y#f0010 |title=Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents: A review of the environmental impacts | doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.029 | volume=470-471 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |pages=800–817|year=2014 |last1=Steinhauser |first1=Georg |last2=Brandl |first2=Alexander |last3=Johnson |first3=Thomas E. }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=06056644|title=Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima, A comparison of three nuclear reactor calamities reveals some key differences|work=IEEE|date=Nov 1, 2011|accessdate=Nov 4, 2013}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Chernobyl-Accident/#.UncVJRD_EQ0|title=Chernobyl Accident 1986|work=World Nuclear Association|date=Jun 1, 2013|accessdate=Nov 4, 2013}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/appendices/fukushima-radiation-exposure.aspx |title=Fukushima: Radiation Exposure |publisher=World Nuclear Association |date=February 2016 |accessdate=4 February 2017}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.reconstruction.go.jp/english/topics/GEJE/index.html|title=Reconstruction Agency|website=www.reconstruction.go.jp|access-date=2016-05-25}}
13. ^{{cite techreport| url=http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11-80076_Report_2008_Annex_D.pdf| title=Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident (Annex D of the 2008 UNSCEAR Report)| date=2011| publisher=UNSCEAR}}
14. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/07/toshiba-idUSL3E7F73E720110407 |title=UPDATE 1-Toshiba proposes to scrap Fukushima nuclear plant-Nikkei |accessdate=27 July 2013 |work=Reuters |first=Kavyanjali |last=Kaushik |date=7 April 2011}}
15. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/mar/10/fukushima-operator-dump-contaminated-water-pacific |title=Fukushima operator may have to dump contaminated water into Pacific |author=Justin Mccurry |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 March 2014 |accessdate=10 March 2014}}
16. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/5y5ol8HsS?url=http://www.oecd-nea.org/rp/chernobyl/c02.html Chernobyl: Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact, Chapter 2.] 2002, archived from Original on 20 April 2011, retrieved on 6 April 2011.
17. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/5y5okZLv9?url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/aktuell/index.php?seite=3&artikel=ZAMG_2011-03-22GMT13:31 Unfall im japanischen Kernkraftwerk Fukushima]{{de icon}}. ZAMG, 22 March 2011, archived from Original on 20 April 2011, retrieved on 20 April 2011.
18. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/5y5okr0TG?url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/aktuell/index.php?seite=1&artikel=ZAMG_2011-04-02GMT09:28 Aktuelle Lage nach Unfall in Fukushima (Update: 2. April 2011 12:00)]{{de icon}}. In: www.zamg.ac.at. Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, 2 April 2011, archived from Original on 20 April 2011, retrieved on 2 April 2011.
19. ^1 2 3 [https://www.webcitation.org/5yFvDmeIF?url=http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news_images/pdf/ENGNEWS01_1303815319P.pdf Earthquake Report – JAIF, No. 64: 20:00, April 26]. JAIF / NHK, 26 April 2011, archived from Original on 27 April 2011, retrieved on 27 April 2011.
20. ^1 2 3 4 [https://www.webcitation.org/5xsyUr2Wx?url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110412-4.pdf INES (the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale) Rating on the Events in Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station by the Tohoku District – off the Pacific Ocean Earthquake]. NISA/METI, 12 April 2011, archived from Original on 12 April 2011, retrieved on 12 April 2011.
21. ^1 [https://www.webcitation.org/5zI1seAkS?url=http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/kan/topics/201106/pdf/chapter_vi.pdf Report of Japanese Government to the IAEA Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety / VI. Discharge of radioactive materials to the environment]. NISA/Kantei, 7 June 2011, archived from Original, retrieved on 8 June 2011.
22. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/643r4IfLX?url=http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news_images/pdf/ENGNEWS01_1315203996P.pdf NSC Recalculates Total Amount of Radioactive Materials Released]. In: Atoms in Japan. JAIF, 5 September 2011, archived from Original, retrieved on 20 December 2011.
23. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/63rJTd6nd?url=http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/noda/topics/201109/201109_additional_report_all.pdf Additional Report of the Japanese Government to the IAEA]. Kantei, 15 September 2011, archived from Original, retrieved on 17 December 2011. Spent fuel pool measurement on page 205, 207, 210 and 214; total release on page 449. {{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
24. ^1 [https://www.webcitation.org/5zFSmXnPS?url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/06_33.html No.1 reactor vessel damaged 5 hours after quake]. NHK, 6 June 2011, archived from Original, retrieved on 6 June 2011.
25. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/5zQC7Qygl?url=http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/kan/topics/201106/pdf/attach_04_2.pdf Abstracts of the cross check analysis on the evaluation of the cores of Unit 1, 2 and 3 of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP reported by TEPCO]. NISA/Kantei, 7 June 2011, archived from Original, retrieved on 14 June 2011.
26. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/616MVraUs?url=http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news_images/pdf/ENGNEWS01_1313640580P.pdf Earthquake Report – JAIF, No. 177]. JAIF / NHK, 18 August 2011, archived from Original, retrieved on 21 August 2011. Converted from 200 MBq/h in a two-week period.
27. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20140715063053/http://www.webcitation.org/61M8FBU3F Earthquake Report – JAIF, No. 182]. JAIF / NHK, 23 August 2011, archived from Original {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114110137/http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news_images/pdf/ENGNEWS01_1314074607P.pdf# |date=2011-11-14 }}, retrieved on 31 August 2011.
28. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/5ytu1Z9nb?url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/betu11_e/images/110521e6.pdf Report regarding the impact due to the discharge of drained water with concentrations of radioactive materials exceeding discharge standard to the ocean (summary)]. Tepco, 21 May 2011, archived from Original, retrieved on 23 May 2011.
29. ^Dagmar Röhrlich: [https://www.webcitation.org/63r4ywjrt?url=http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/forschak/1547043/ Die Havarie und das Meer - Wie sich die radioaktive Belastung in den Weltmeeren ausbreiten wird] {{de icon}}. In: dradio.de, Forschung Aktuell. Deutschlandfunk, 5 September 2011, archived from Original, retrieved on 7 September 2011; 1 000 000 000 000 Becquerel = 1 TBq.
30. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/63r4rrpz2?url=http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news_images/pdf/ENGNEWS01_1315542569P.pdf Earthquake Report – JAIF, No. 199]. JAIF / NHK, 9 September 2011, archived from Original, retrieved on 11 December 2011.
31. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/643sVUXkj?url=http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news_images/pdf/ENGNEWS01_1319945921P.pdf Earthquake Report – JAIF, No. 250]. JAIF / NHK, 30 November 2011, archived from Original, retrieved on 20 December 2011.

External links

  • How Much Fuel Is at Risk at Fukushima?
  • Chernobyl Accident. World Nuclear Association.
  • Fukushima Nuclear Crisis Unwrapped
  • Fukushima Nuclear Accident. IAEA Update Log
  • [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13050228 BBC News: Fukushima and Chernobyl compared]
{{Nuclear power in Japan}}

4 : Civilian nuclear power accidents|Scientific comparisons|Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Chernobyl disaster
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