| 词条 | Politics of Botswana |
| 释义 |
Politics of Botswana takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Botswana is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Botswana. The party system has been dominated by the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), which has never lost power since independence. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Botswana is formally a multiparty constitutional democracy. Each of the elections since independence in September 1966 has been freely and fairly contested and has been held on schedule. The country's small white minority and other minorities participate freely in the political process. There are two main rival parties and a number of smaller parties. General elections are held at least every five years.[1]The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Botswana as a "flawed democracy" in 2016.[2] Legislative branchThe National Assembly has 57 elected and 4 appointed members;[3] it is expanded following each census (every 10 years). After elections, the party that wins the majority elects the State President. The President then appoints the Vice President, but the appointment is subject to endorsement by the National Assembly. There are 57 parliamentary constituencies in Botswana.[4] The advisory House of Chiefs represents the eight principal subgroups of the Batswana people, and four other members are elected by the subchiefs of four of the districts. A draft of any National Assembly bill of tribal concern must be referred to the House of Chiefs for advisory opinion. Chiefs and other leaders preside over customary, traditional courts, though all persons have the right to request that their case be considered under the formal British-based legal system.{{citation needed| date= October 2017}} Local governmentLocal government is administered by nine district councils and five town councils. District commissioners have executive authority and are appointed by the central government and assisted by elected and nominated district councilors and district development committees. There has been ongoing debate about the political, social, and economic marginalization of the San (Bushmen). The government's policies for remote area dwellers continue to spark controversy and may be revised in response to domestic and donor concerns.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} Political parties and elections{{elect|List of political parties in Botswana|Elections in Botswana}}{{Main|Botswana general election, 2014}}Judicial branchThe highest court of Botswana is the Court of Appeal, which is constituted under section 99 of these Constitution and consists of a President and such number of Justices of Appeal as may be prescribed by Parliament.[5] There are currently eight judges of the Court of Appeal, who are all expatriates drawn from different parts of the Commonwealth. To date, no Motswana has ever been appointed to the Court of Appeal.[6] The High Court is a superior court of record with unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any criminal and civil cases under any law. The High Court is constituted under section 95 of the Constitution, and consists of a Chief Justice and such number of other judges of the High Court as may be prescribed by Parliament.[5] There are currently sixteen permanent judges of the High Court. Until 1992, the judges of the High Court were expatriate judges who were appointed on short-term contracts of two to three years. In 1992 the first citizen judges were appointed to the bench. There are three High Court divisions in Lobatse, Gaborone and Francistown.[6] There are also Magistrates' Courts in Botswana. These courts are subordinate to the High Court and hear a range of civil, criminal and family law matters. There are nineteen Magistrates' Courts in the country, with fifty magistrates of whom seventeen are expatriate.[6] Judges are appointed by the president and may be removed only for cause and after a hearing. Judgments of the Botswana Court of AppealJudgments of the Botswana High CourtInternational organization participationACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WT. {{citation needed| date= October 2017}} See also{{Portal|Botswana|Politics|Politics of Botswana}}
References1. ^[https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1830.htm Background Note: Botswana] {{Africa in topic|Politics of}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Botswana}}2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2016|title=Democracy Index 2016 - The Economist Intelligence Unit|last=solutions|first=EIU digital|website=www.eiu.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-30}} 3. ^ 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bw/pgcontent.php?UID=615|title=Constituencies|publisher=Parliament of Botswana|accessdate=2010-08-03|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163056/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/pgcontent.php?UID=615|archivedate=2011-07-06|df=}} 5. ^1 Constitution of Botswana 6. ^1 2 Republic of Botswana: The Hierarchy of the Courts 1 : Politics of Botswana |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。