1. Diplomatic changes

2. Fate of war loot

3. Chilean economic boom and decline

4. Rise of Bolivian/Peruvian Anti-Chilean sentiment

5. Rise of superiority ideas

6. Consequences for indigenous peoples

7. Anti-Chinese sentiment in Peru

8. Unrest and war trauma in Peru

9. Rise of war heroes
    Eduardo Abaroa  Miguel Grau  Arturo Prat 

10. Overall Consequences
      Bolivia    Chile    Peru  

11. References

12. Bibliography

The War of the Pacific had profound consequences on the involved countries.

Diplomatic changes

After the war Chile had obtained military hegemony at the Pacific coast of South America. Chile's expansion was seen with concern across the continent and Chilean diplomats responded to this by fomenting rivalries between Chile's neighbors and other South American countries while promoting friendly relationships between countries with disputes with Chile's neighbors. Examples of this are the Chilean attempts to establish friendly relationships between Ecuador and Colombia, both were countries that had serious territorial disputes with Peru in the Amazon. Military cooperation with Ecuador grew considerably with Chile sending instructors to the military academy in Quito and selling superfluous arms and munitions to Ecuador.^[1] Despite Chile's over-all good relations with Ecuador both countries had a minor diplomatic crisis resulting from the capture of the Peruvian torpedo boat Alay in Ecuadorian territorial waters during the war.^[2] Argentina, the only country that didn't have war with Chile for border proximity, also had tensions with Chile since, but unlike Peru and Bolivia, Argentina successfully maintained status quo with Chile and remained not involved, despite how they almost fought a war over the Falklands War controversies.

Fate of war loot

Only in 2007 the Chilean government returned almost 4,000 books to Peru's national library, more than a century after they were taken by Chilean soldiers in hopes that the return of the books may go some way to improving the two nations’ relations.^[3]

Chilean economic boom and decline

As the victor and possessor of a new coastal territory following the War of the Pacific, Chile benefited by gaining a lucrative territory with significant mineral income. The national treasury grew by 900 percent between 1879 and 1902, due to taxes coming from the newly acquired lands.^[4] British involvement and control of the nitrate industry rose significantly,^[5] but from 1901 to 1921 Chilean ownership increased from 15% to 51%.^[6] The growth of Chilean economy sustained in its saltpetre monopoly^[7] meant, compared to the previous growth cycle (1832–1873), that the economy became less diversified and overly dependent on a single natural resource.^[8] In addition the Chilean nitrate, used world-wide as fertilizer, was sensitive to economic downturns as farmers made cuts on fertilizer use one of their earliest economic measures in the face of economic decline.^[7] It has been questioned on whether the nitrate wealth conquered in the War of the Pacific was a resource curse or not.^[8] During the Nitrate Epoch the government increased public spending but was however accused of squandering money.^[9]

Rise of Bolivian/Peruvian Anti-Chilean sentiment

Historical and current anti-Chilean resentiment in Bolivia, Peru and Argentina was caused by the Chilean expansionism that took place during the 19th century. The War of the Pacific contributed decisively to it in the case of the first two countries.

In Bolivia, a common political discourse attributes that country's underdevelopment to its loss of seaports in the War of the Pacific becoming a landlocked country.^[12] Bolivia lost its Litoral Department and its outlet to the Pacific Ocean, following that war. Currently Chile's huge copper vein in the Atacama Desert—which makes Chile the largest copper exporter in the world—is held in the lands claimed by Bolivia; the same lands lost during the war.

In Peru, a strong anti-Chilean sentiment exists due to losing "a large chunk of its southern territory to Chile" in the War of the Pacific.^[10] Peru lost its provinces of Tarapaca and Arica, and then suffered the indignity of having its capital, Lima, be not only occupied by Chile at the end of the war, but essentially ransacked.

For Argentina, since they didn't get involved in the conflict, and were also on the run to colonize the less inhabitated South, Chile's victory in the conflict stemmed tensions that Chile was trying to take land from the hand of the Argentines. Although this never happened and both finalized their border, the two countries remained belligerents, and even almost fought a war in 1982. On the other side, Argentina's unsupportive action for Bolivia and Peru also made their relationships very tense, and there is a sense of distrust towards Argentina among many Peruvians and Bolivians.

Rise of superiority ideas

During and after the war there was a rise of racial and national superiority ideas among the Chilean ruling class.^[11] Chilean historian Gonzalo Bulnes (son of president Manuel Bulnes) once wrote, "What defeated Peru was the superiority of a race and of a history".^[12] During the occupation of Tacna and Arica (1884–1929) the Peruvian people and nation were treated in racist and denigrating terms by the Chilean press.^[13] During the war Peruvians were disrespectfully referred to as "cholos" (a slur for persons of mixed European and non-European ancestry) by Chilean officers.^[14]

Consequences for indigenous peoples

After the occupation of Lima Chile diverted part of its war efforts to crush Mapuche resistance in the south.^[15] Chilean troops coming from Peru entered Araucanía where they in 1881 defeated the last major Mapuche uprising.^[16][17] Chile's newly acquired Aymara population was seen after the war as a "foreign element" contrasting with the also newly conquered Mapuches who were seen as "primordial" Chileans.^[14] Following the occupation of Lima Chilean newspapers published extremely patriotic, chauvinist and expansionistic material.^[18] An extreme example of this journalism is Revista del Sur that wrote that firearms obtained in Peru, while useless in the hands of Peruvian "fags" (Spanish: maricas), would be useful by Chileans to "kill indians" (Mapuches).^[16]

In the aftermath of the war, the indigenous populations of Peru became scapegoats in the narratives of Peruvian criollo elites, exemplified in the writing of Ricardo Palma:

The principal cause of the great defeat is that the majority of Peru is composed of that wretched and degraded race that we once attempted to dignify and ennoble. The Indian lacks patriotic sense; he is born enemy of the white and of the man of the coast. It makes no difference to him whether he is a Chilean or a Turk. To educate the Indian and to inspire him a feeling for patriotism will not be the task of our institutions, but of the ages.^[19]

Anti-Chinese sentiment in Peru

Because the Chinese supported Chile in the conflict, it had stemmed a sense of Sinophobia in Peru, the first of its kind ever existed in Latin America. Armed indigenous peasants sacked and occupied haciendas of landed elite criollo "collaborationists" in the central Sierra – majority of them were of ethnic Chinese descent, while indigenous and mestizo Peruvians murdered Chinese shopkeepers in Lima in response to this Chinese coolies revolted and even joined the Chilean Army.^[20][21] Even in 20th century, memory of Chinese supports for Chile was so deep that Manuel A. Odría, once dictator of Peru, issued ban against Chinese immigration as a punishment for their betrayal.^[22] Although today, Sinophobia has been lesser relevant and the Chinese are widely accepted as Peruvian citizens, distrustful of China and Chinese still remains.

Unrest and war trauma in Peru

The War of the Pacific also sparked an indigenous peasant guerrilla movement throughout the central Sierra against Chileans and collaborationist landlords. In 1884 Cáceres turned against his former guerrilla allies in order to defend the old order. In 1886 and 1888 the Cáceres sent troops to the central sierra to disarm the peasants. The lack of rule of law in central sierra was such that, in one particular case, a landowner was only able to recover his occupied estate in 1902 after a massive mobilization of military, police and gunmen.^[23]

Rise of war heroes

Eduardo Abaroa

Miguel Grau

Arturo Prat

Overall Consequences

Bolivia

With the loss of sovereign access to the Pacific ocean in mind the 1904 Treaty of Peace and Friendship granted Bolivia the right to tax-free transport of goods, and duty-free access to northern Chilean ports. It also obliged the Chilean government to build two rail-lines linking La Paz to Antofagasta and Arica.

Despite these concessions, the loss of the Litoral (the coast) remains a deeply emotional and political issue for Bolivians,^[27] as was particularly evident during the 2003 natural gas riots. Undeterred by the seaport concessions granted to Bolivia via the 1904 treaty popular belief in Bolivia still see their problems attributed to its landlocked condition; getting a sovereign piece of the seacoast via Chilean land is often seen as the solution to their problems. Numerous Bolivian presidents pressured Chile for sovereign access to the sea. Diplomatic relations with Chile were severed on March 17, 1978, in spite of considerable commercial ties. The leading Bolivian newspaper El Diario featured at least a weekly editorial on the subject, and the Bolivian people annually celebrated a patriotic "Dia del Mar" (Day of the Sea) to remember the crippling loss.^[28]

Chile

During the war Chile dropped its claims on more than {{convert|1000000|km2|abbr=on}} of Patagonia in the 1881 Chile/Argentina treaty, to ensure Argentina's neutrality. After the war, the Puna de Atacama dispute grew until 1899, since both Chile and Argentina claimed former Bolivian territories. On August 28, 1929, Chile returned the province of Tacna to Peru. In 1999, Chile and Peru at last agreed to fully implement the Treaty of Lima (1929), providing Peru with a port in Arica.^[29]

Peru

According to Bruce W. Farcau, "in Peru, the wounds run less deep than in neighboring Bolivia".^[30] After the War of the Pacific, Peru was left without saltpeter production, the Chilean controlled production decreased to 15%, and production controlled by British investors rose to 55%.^[31] According to military historian Robert L. Scheina, the Chilean plunder of Peruvian national literary and art treasures contributed to "demands of revenge among Peruvians for decades."^[32] Scholar Brooke Larson pointed out that the War of the Pacific was the "first time since independence wars" that "Peru was invaded, occupied and pillaged by a foreign army" and that "no other Andean republic experienced such a costly and humiliating defeat as Peru did in the hands of Chile".^[33]

The war and post-war period was one of profound political and social instability for Peru. The war shook the whole social order of Peru: armed indigenous peasants sacked and occupied haciendas of landed elite criollo "collaborationists" in the central Sierra, Chinese coolies revolted and even joined the Chilean Army, indigenous and mestizo Peruvians murdered Chinese shopkeepers in Lima, African slaves rose against their masters and fought equally the Chinese, Peruvian mobs sacked Chiclayo at the same time different criollo elite remained deeply divided in opposing camps.^[20][34] The fear of disorder, opposing factions and armed peasants was for many Peruvians larger than that of the Chilean invaders.^[21] In some cases, the delegations of European countries and the United States provided safety during riots and persecutions.^[21]

References

Bibliography

• Salazar, Gabriel; Pinto, Julio (2002). Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economía: mercados empresarios y trabajadores. LOM Ediciones. {{ISBN|956-282-172-2}}.

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