| 词条 | Conservation and restoration of iron and steel objects |
| 释义 |
The prevention and removal of surface dirt and corrosion products are some of the primary concerns of conservator-restorers when dealing with iron or steel objects, including nickel-iron meteorites. Conservation and restoration of iron and steel may begin with analysis of the environment that the objects will be stored and displayed in. Preventative conservation and understanding the agents of deterioration that affect the specific object are often considered some of the important first steps.[2] A prerequisite for conservation and restoration of not only iron and steel, but also all collections items is systematic and well-managed, including documentation of the state of objects before, during and after treatment.[3] Identification of materials and procedures used to produce objects and the results of any scientific research must be part of documentation, too. Last but not least, an integral part of the documentation must be a recommendation for further care of object. Once thorough documentation, analysis, and discussion has occurred, possible treatment techniques can be considered and performed on the objects. Identification Processes and AnalysisAnalysis and observation of collections objects when considering treatment and restoration occurs at all steps of the conservation process. Metal objects such as iron and steel share properties such as strength, conduction of heat and electricity, structure and more. It is important to understand the properties before conducting treatment. Recognizing the specific metal or alloy and construction of the object can help determine their susceptibility to corrosion and can narrow down which conservation measures can be used. [4] Once the structure and composition of the object has been observed and identified, conservator-restorers can determine the state. Surface dirt and corrosion are among the most common issues with iron and steel objects. Throughout the analysis and identification process, conservator-restorers keep clear and detailed notes. This allows them to document the past, present and future of the object for use later. These notes include the observations as mentioned above as well as the recommendations for treatment.
Identification of materials associated with metals
Identification of technology used to produce objects
TreatmentTreatment ConsiderationsWhen determining the best course of action in the treatment of a steel or iron object great care must be taken. The person treating the object is likely a conservator, restorer, curator, archaeologist or collections manager, though private collectors may choose to treat their own collections. A conservator with training in metals and objects would be the best choice for treating steel and iron objects. The safety and longevity of the object is the highest priority, ensuring the treatment will not cause further damage. Consideration must be given to the structural integrity, artist intent, and original context. By following the Code of Ethics by AIC[5] the treatment plan will aid a conservator in making an informed and safe decision for treatment. CleaningCleaning should be determined after a condition report is completed and photographs are taken. Any previous repairs should be documented and reviewed prior to new treatment. The proposed cleaning method needs to be justified by the condition and desired end results of the object. Potential risks should be mentioned in the treatment report and justified as acceptable risk. Before cleaning and/or treatment occurs, the conservator-restorer should consult curators and experts in the field to gain perspective on the possible ramifications of action.
Painted objects can be cleaned with polar solvents (acetone, ethanol) and non polar solvents (hexanes and toluene) or solvent mixtures (xylene [8]). When working with solvents a conservator will use best practices in health and safety. The use of personal protection equipment is recommended. Structural consolidationThe treatment report will indicate what type of structural treatment should be used. If the item is missing hardware it can be replaced by adding matching or similar screws and rivets. Adhesives, soldering, and welding can be used to repair a damaged structure. Protective coatingsProtective coatings can be good options for iron and steel objects. They help retain original appearance and protect against foreign bodies such as moisture and debris that can cause rust or corrosion.
Archaeological objectsArchaeological objects made from steel and iron are man made and often constructed as tools. These items give anthropologists and archaeologists insight into peoples of different times and cultures. Archaeological iron objects are susceptible to active corrosion cause by chloride ions present in burial sites. This corrosion can take the form of sweating or weeping which leaves yellow, brown, or orange droplets on the surface in environments with an RH above 55%. [15]CleaningMechanical methods should be used for cleaning (scalpel, micro-motor and steel brushes and abrasive discs, micro sandblasting unit, ultrasonic chisel). Structural consolidationAdhesives should be used, ensure reversibility of adhesive prior to conducting treatment. Glass fibre reinforcements can be used as well. Stabilization
Preventive conservation: Agents of DeteriorationIron and Steel objects are susceptible to corrosion and damage when exposed to agents of deterioration. The main objective in preventive conservation and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collections_care collections care] is to prevent the damaging effects of these agents and to limit exposure to risks. The ten [https://http://www.conservation-wiki.com/wiki/Ten_Agents_of_Deterioration Agents of Deterioration] that can cause damage to iron and steel objects are water; fire; incorrect RH; incorrect temperature; light; physical forces; pollutants; thieves and vandals; dissociation; and pests. Metal objects in museums can remain stable when kept at 45-50% relative humidity, noting that if metal is combined with organic materials, relative humidity should not be below 45%.[21] Archaeological objects must be stored in rooms (or plastic boxes) with very low relative humidity, or in the case of particularly valuable items in the chambers with nitrogen or argon. Iron objects with active corrosion are best protected when stored at RH less than 20%.[22] Shelves in the storerooms must be of stainless steel or chlorine and acetate free plastic or powder coated steel. Wood and wood based products(Particle board, plywood) must be avoided. Rubber, felt or wool are also discouraged. When handling metal objects, the use of cotton gloves is recommended to avoid salts and oils from skin coming in contact with the object as these can be corrosive. Physical forces can cause distortions, scratches and abrasions if the object is not stored or moved carefully. Metal objects may contain small parts such as bolts or screw that can become loose and detached from the object causing dissociation of pieces. Air pollutants may cause chemical reactions with metal object and can trap moisture to the surface. Sulfur present in the air, as well as in products such as foam rubber, carpet padding, paints, wool and felt, is corrosive to iron and steel objects. [23] References1. ^C. (2019, February 22). Care and Cleaning of Iron – Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 9/6. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/care-iron.html 2. ^The Field Museum. (2018, June 14). Preventive Conservation. Retrieved from https://www.fieldmuseum.org/science/research/area/conserving-collections/preventive-conservation 3. ^ICON. (n.d.). Blog: Why conservators need good documentation. Retrieved from https://icon.org.uk/news/blog-why-conservators-need-good-documentation 4. ^Canadian Conservation Institute. (2018, December 14). Caring for metal objects. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/guidelines-collections/metal-objects.html 5. ^https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/administration/governance/code-of-ethics-and-guidelines-for-practice.pdf?sfvrsn=21 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.flitz.com/flitz-polish-paste/|title=Flitz Paste Polish (Multiple Sizes Available)|website=Flitz Premium Polishes|language=en|access-date=2019-03-31}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.maasinc.com/maas_metalpolish_products.aspx|title=METAL POLISH|website=www.maasinc.com|access-date=2019-03-31}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collections/horten-ho-229-v3/preservation/painted-metals.cfm|title=Painted Metals {{!}} National Air and Space Museum|website=airandspace.si.edu|access-date=2019-03-31}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://permalac.com/|title=Permalac protective clear coatings - HOME|last=Webcentrex|website=Permalac.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-31}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ormocere.de/en/applications/ormocer_as_protectiv_and_functional_coatings.html|title=Multifunctional coatings / Lacquers|website=Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC|language=en|access-date=2019-03-31}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cool.conservation-us.org/jaic/articles/jaic42-02-004_4.html|title=THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN COLLECTION AT THE MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BOSTON. PART 2, A REVIEW OF FORMER TREATMENTS AT THE MFA AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES|last=GÄNSICKE|first=SUSANNE|last2=HATCHFIELD|first2=PAMELA|date=2003|website=cool.conservation-us.org|access-date=2019-03-31|last3=HYKIN|first3=ABIGAIL|last4=SVOBODA|first4=MARIE|last5=TSU|first5=C. MEI-AN}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://shop.kremerpigments.com/media/pdf/62800e.pdf|title=62800 Cosmoloid H 80|last=Kremer|first=|date=|website=Kremer Pigments|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 30, 2019}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://abe.co.nz/product/4010-coroheat-hard-wax/|title=Dinitrol 4010 Coroheat Hard Wax – Auto Body Equipment|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-31}} 14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Argyropoulos|first=Vasilike|title=Testing of a new wax coating Poligen ES 91009® and corrosion|url=https://www.academia.edu/3079202/Testing_of_a_new_wax_coating_Poligen_ES_91009_and_corrosion|language=en}} 15. ^[https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/guidelines-collections/metal-objects.html#a1c4 Government of Canada. (n.a.). Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/guidelines-collections/metal-objects.html#a1c4] 16. ^Gilberg, M.; Seeley, N. The Alkaline Sodium Sulphite Reduction Process for Archaeological Iron: A Closer Look, Studies in Conservation, London 1982. 17. ^accessed May 23, 2012 18. ^Sjogren, A.; Mathiesen, T.; van Lanschot, J.' Turgoose, S., and Hawkins. C 'Rapid low-temperature hydrogen plasma treatment of archaeological iron'. Zeitschrift für Schweizerische Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte 54 (1997) 34-40. 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.iiconservation.org/node/4328|title=The application of subcritical fluids for the stabilization of marine archaeological iron|work=iiconservation.org|accessdate=November 28, 2014}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/sic.2002.47.2.117|title=Maney Online - Maney Publishing|work=maneyonline.com|accessdate=November 28, 2014}} 21. ^[https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/guidelines-collections/metal-objects.html#a1b1 Government of Canada. (n.a.) Caring for Metal Objects: Understanding Corrosion. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/guidelines-collections/metal-objects.html#a1b1] 22. ^[https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/guidelines-collections/metal-objects.html#a1c4 Government of Canada. (n.a.). Caring for Metal Objects: Iron and Steel. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/guidelines-collections/metal-objects.html#a1c4] 23. ^[https://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/mhi/Appendix%20O.pdf NPS. (2002). Museum Handbook, Part I. Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/mhi/Appendix%20O.pdf] 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/paintingiron/paintingiron.htm|title=Painting Historic Ironwork|work=buildingconservation.com}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/antiquewrought/antiquewrought.htm|title=Restoration of Antique Wrought Ironwork|work=buildingconservation.com}} Further reading
Article: U. Peltz und O. Zorn (Hrsg.): KulturGUTerhalten. Standards in der Restaurierungs- wissenschaft und Denkmalpflege. Mainz 2009, p. 91-95
External links
==See also==
3 : Iron|Conservation and restoration|Steel |
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