| 词条 | Arianespace | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Arianespace | logo = Arianespace.svg | type = Launch Service Provider | founder = | area_served = | key_people = | industry = Aerospace | genre = | products = | services = Rocket Launches | revenue = {{increase}} €1.433 billion (2015) | operating_income = | net_income = {{increase}} €4 million (2015) | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = 321[1] | parent = ArianeGroup | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = arianespace.com | footnotes = | intl = | foundation = 1980 | location_city = Courcouronnes | location_country = France | location = | locations = | caption =Arianespace SA is a multinational company founded in 1980 as the world's first commercial launch service provider.[2] It undertakes the operation and marketing of the Ariane programme.[3] The company offers a number of different launch vehicles: the heavy-lift Ariane 5 for dual launches to geostationary transfer orbit, the Soyuz-2 as a medium-lift alternative, and the solid-fueled Vega for lighter payloads.[2]{{As of|2017|5}}, Arianespace had launched more than 550 satellites[3] in 254 launches over {{age|1984|5|23}} years (236 Ariane missions minus the first 8 flights handled by CNES, 17 Soyuz-2 missions and 9 Vega missions). The first commercial flight managed by the new entity was Spacenet F1 launched on May 23, 1984. Arianespace uses the Guiana Space Center in French Guiana as its main launch site. Through shareholding in Starsem, it can also offer commercial Soyuz launches from the Baikonur spaceport in Kazakhstan. It has its headquarters in Courcouronnes, Essonne, France,[4] near Évry.[5] HistoryArianespace SA was founded in 1980 as the operation and marketing arm of the Ariane launch vehicle programme,[6][7] seven years after the formation of the pan-national Ariane programme by the European Space Agency in 1973.[8]{{rp|161}} The launcher was to be developed for the purpose of sending commercial satellites into geosynchronous orbit with a family of Ariane launch vehicles.[8]{{rp|161–166}} France was the largest stakeholder in the Ariane development programme.[8]{{rp|166}} Immediately following the successful first test launch of an Ariane 1 on 24 December 1979, The French space agency CNES and ESA created a new company—Arianespace—for the purpose of promoting, marketing, and managing Ariane operations.[8]{{rp|169}} Three addition test flights were carried out, with one failure and two more successes. The first commercial launch took place on 10 September 1982, and ended in failure when a turbopump failed in the third stage.[8]{{rp|170–172}} The six remaining flights of Ariane 1 were successful, with the final flight occurring in February 1986. On 21 October 2011 Arianespace launched the first Soyuz rocket ever from outside former Soviet territory. The payload consisted of two Galileo navigation satellites.[9] On 21 January 2019, ArianeGroup and Arianespace announced that it had signed a one-year contract with the ESA to study and prepare for a mission to the moon to mine regolith.[10] Company and infrastructureArianespace "is the marketing and sales organization for the European space industry and various component suppliers."[11] The primary shareholders of Arianespace are its suppliers, in various European nations.[12] Arianespace had 24 shareholders in 2008,[13] 21 in 2014,[14] and just 17 {{as of|October 2018|lc=y}}.[15]
In 2015, Arianespace shareholding was restructured due to the creation of Airbus Safran Launchers (later renamed ArianeGroup), which is tasked with developing and manufacturing the Ariane 6 carrier rocket. Industrial groups Airbus and Safran pooled their shares along with the French government's CNES stake to form a partnership company holding just under 74% of Arianespace shares, while the remaining 26% is spread across suppliers in nine countries including further Airbus subsidiaries.[16] Corporate management{{As of|October 2018}}, the Arianespace management team was:[17]
Regional offices
Subsidiaries
Competition and pricing{{main|Space launch market competition}}In 2004, Arianespace held more than 50% of the world market for boosting satellites to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).[18] However, the disruptive force represented by the new sector entrant SpaceX forced Arianespace to cut back on its workforce and focus on cost-cutting to decrease costs to remain competitive against the new low-cost entrant in the launch sector. According to an Arianespace managing director, "It's quite clear there's a very significant challenge coming from SpaceX," he said in 2015. "Therefore things have to change … and the whole European industry is being restructured, consolidated, rationalised and streamlined."[19] In the midst of pricing pressure from U.S. company SpaceX, Arianespace made a November 2013 announcement of pricing flexibility for the "lighter satellites" it carries to Geostationary orbits aboard its Ariane 5.[20][11] In early 2014, Arianespace was considering requesting additional subsidies from European governments to face the competition from SpaceX and unfavorable changes in the Euro-Dollar exchange rate. The company had halved subsidy support by €100m per year since 2002 but the fall in the value of the US Dollar meant Arianespace was losing €60m per year due to currency fluctuations on launch contracts.[21] Reducing the cost allowed Arianespace to sign four additional contracts in September 2014 for lower slots on a Ariane 5 SYLDA dispenser for the satellites that otherwise could be flown on a SpaceX launch vehicle. Arianespace signed 11 contracts in 2014 until September that year. with two additional being in a late stage of negotiations. {{As of|2014|September}} Arianespace has a backlog of launches worth {{Euro|4.5}} billion with 38 satellites to be launched on Ariane 5, 7 on Soyuz and 9 on Vega, claiming 60% of the global satellite launch market.[22][23][24] By November 2014, SpaceX had "already begun to take market share"[12] from Arianespace, and Eutelsat CEO Michel de Rosen — a major customer of Arianespace — said that "Each year that passes will see SpaceX advance, gain market share and further reduce its costs through economies of scale."[12] Launch vehiclesCurrently Arianespace operates 3 launch vehicles, including two versions of Ariane 5:
Additionally Arianespace offers optional back-up launch service on H-IIA through Launch Services Alliance.[25] Ariane launch vehicles{{Main|Ariane (rocket family)}}Since the first launch in 1979, there have been several versions of the Ariane launch vehicle:
The new Ariane 6 vehicle is in development. It would have a similar payload capacity to the Ariane 5 but have considerably lower costs. Tentatively, its first flight is planned for 2020. See also{{Portal| Spaceflight |Paris|Companies}}
Other launch service providers
References1. ^{{cite report|title=2014 Annual Report |url=http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/Annual-Report-2014-EN.pdf |publisher=Arianespace |date=15 June 2015 |location=Courcouronnes, France |accessdate=6 August 2015 |format=PDF}} {{Ariane}}{{Satcomm}}{{ESA projects}}{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}2. ^{{cite web|title= Service & Solutions|url=http://www.arianespace.com/about-us/service-solutions.asp|publisher=arianespace.com|accessdate=2011-02-15| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110212040834/http://arianespace.com/about-us/service-solutions.asp| archivedate= 12 February 2011 | deadurl= no}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Company-profile-May-2017.pdf |title=Arianespace company profile |publisher=Arianespace |date=May 5, 2017 |access-date=May 23, 2017}} 4. ^"Russians, French sign space contract.(UPI Science Report)." United Press International. 12 April 2005. Retrieved on 24 September 2009. 5. ^"Contact us." Arianespace. Retrieved on 24 September 2009. 6. ^1 {{Cite conference |conference=Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science |location=Tokyo, Japan |date=May 1986 |title=Ariane — The first commercial space transportation system |bibcode=1986spte.conf.1431J |publisher=AGNE Publishing, Inc. |publication-date=1986 |volume=2 |id=A87-32276 13-12 |author1=Jaeger, Ralph-W. |author2=Claudon, Jean-Louis }} 7. ^1 {{cite web |title=Arianespace was founded in 1980 as the world’s first launch services company |url=http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/arianespace_today_sub_index.html |publisher=arianespace.com |accessdate=2008-03-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218002917/http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/arianespace_today_sub_index.html |archivedate=February 18, 2008}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |last=Harvey|first1=Brian |title=Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2003 |isbn=1-8523-3722-2 |accessdate= }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://interspacenews.com/tabid/130/Arianespace_Launches_First_European_Soyuz.aspx?id=7475 |title=Arianespace Launches First European Soyuz |publisher=Interspacenews.com |accessdate=2011-12-17}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/01/23/mining-on-the-moon-could-be-a-reality-as-early-as-2025/|title=Mining on the moon could be a reality as early as 2025|last=Wehner|first=Mike|date=23 January 2019|website=New York Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=23 January 2019}} 11. ^1 {{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZ-7nNw-04Q&t=1745 |people=Mr. Richard |title=Singapore Satellite Industry Forum 2013 - Changing the Launch Game? |date=23 June 2013 |medium=video |location=Singapore Satellite Industry Forum 2013 |at=29:05 |publisher=Cable and Satellite Broadcasting Association of Asia |via=YouTube |accessdate=14 April 2018 }} 12. ^1 2 {{cite news |last1=de Selding|first1=Peter B. |title=Europe’s Satellite Operators Urge Swift Development of Ariane 6 |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/42610europe%E2%80%99s-satellite-operators-urge-swift-development-of-ariane-6 |accessdate=2014-11-21 |work=SpaceNews |date=2014-11-20 |quote=France-based Arianespace has responded by squeezing, to a limited degree, its supplier base. But Ariane 5 builders are also Arianespace shareholders, limiting the company’s leverage on them. }} 13. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20080918045636/http://www.arianespace.com:80/about-us-corporate-information/shareholders.asp Corporate information > Shareholders], Arianespace, 8 September 2008, accessed 16 April 2008. 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/shareholders.asp |title=Shareholders |publisher=Arianespace |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008022811/http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/shareholders.asp |deadurl=yes |archivedate=8 October 2014 |accessdate=14 April 2018 }} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/company-profile/ |title=Company profile – Repartition of Arianespace capital |publisher=Arianespace |access-date=25 October 2018}} 16. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2015/06/10/le-gouvernement-privatise-arianespace_4650837_3234.html |title=Le gouvernement privatise Arianespace |language=fr |trans-title=Government privatizes Arianespace |newspaper=Le Monde |first=Dominique |last=Gallois |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/governance/ |title=Governance |publisher=Arianespace |date=2018 |access-date=25 October 2018}} 18. ^{{cite book|title=The European Union|author=John McCormick|pages=273|publisher=Westview Press|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-8133-4202-3|date=2004}} 19. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/business/nbn-launcher-arianespace-to-cut-jobs-and-costs-to-fight-spacex-20150519-gh4i4x.html |title= NBN launcher Arianespace to cut jobs and costs to fight SpaceX |date= 19 May 2015 |author= David Ramli |publisher= The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia) }} 20. ^{{cite news |last=de Selding|first=Peter B. |title=SpaceX Challenge Has Arianespace Rethinking Pricing Policies |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/38331spacex-challenge-has-arianespace-rethinking-pricing-policies |accessdate=2013-11-27 |newspaper=Space News |date=2013-11-25 |quote=The Arianespace commercial launch consortium is telling its customers it is open to reducing the cost of flights for lighter satellites on the Ariane 5 rocket in response to the challenge posed by SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket.}} 21. ^{{cite news |last=Svitak|first=Amy |title=Arianespace To ESA: We Need Help |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/awx_02_11_2014_p0-663010.xml |accessdate=2014-02-12 |newspaper=Aviation Week |date=2014-02-11 }} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1409/08ariane5contracts/|title=Arianespace nets four commercial launch contracts|date=8 September 2014|accessdate=9 September 2014}} 23. ^{{cite press release|url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2014/9-8-2014-Euroconsult2014.asp|title=World Satellite Business Week 2014: A rich harvest of contracts for Arianespace|date=8 September 2014|accessdate=9 September 2014}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2014/09/08/europes-arianespace-claims-60-of-the-commercial-launch-market/|title=Europe's Arianespace Claims 60% Of The Commercial Launch Market|date=9 September 2014|accessdate=9 September 2014}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2013/6-7-2013-MHI.asp|title=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Arianespace conclude MOU on cooperation in commercial space rocket launches|publisher=Arianespace|date=7 June 2013|accessdate=18 August 2014}} 8 : Arianespace|Aerospace companies|Space tourism|Airbus joint ventures|Commercial launch service providers|Île-de-France|Companies established in 1980|1980 establishments in France |
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