| 词条 | Convoy OG 71 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|conflict=Convoy OG.71 |partof=World War II |date=13–25 August 1941 |place=North Atlantic |combatant1= Germany |combatant2= United Kingdom {{navy|Norway}} |commander1=Admiral Karl Dönitz |commander2=Vice-Admiral P E Parker DSO |strength1=8 U-boats |strength2=23 merchant ships 13 escorts |casualties2=10 ships sunk (8 merchants, 2 escorts) |campaignbox={{campaignbox Atlantic Campaign}} }}Convoy OG 71 was a trade convoy of merchant ships during the second World War. It was the 71st of the numbered OG convoys Outbound from the British Isles to Gibraltar. The convoy departed Liverpool on 13 August 1941[1] and was found on 17 August by a Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor of Kampfgeschwader 40. Starting on August 19, it became the first convoy of the war to be attacked by a German submarine wolfpack, when reached by eight U-boats from 1st U-boat Flotilla, operating out of Brest. Ten ships comprising a total tonnage of 15,185 tons were sunk before the U-boats lost contact on 23 August.[2] LegacyThis convoy was known as "Nightmare Convoy".[3] Eight merchant ships,[2] two naval escorts and over 400 lives were lost, including 152 from the commodore's ship, {{SS|Aguila||2}} (146 on August 19 and 6 survivors lost on August 22 when Empire Oak sank). The Aguila losses included the 22 "lost Wrens" (members of the Women's Royal Naval Service, or WRNS) who had volunteered for duties at Gibraltar. After this, Wrens were never sent again on passenger liners in convoys, but transported on HM ships.[4] In their honour, a new {{sclass-|Black Swan|sloop}}, launched in 1942, was named {{HMS|Wren|U28|6}}, while a Liverpool-class lifeboat, launched in 1951, was named {{ship|RNLB|Aguila Wren|ON 892|2}}.[5] Of the convoy's surviving merchant ships, five reached Gibraltar while 10 retreated to neutral Portugal.[6][7] This was described as the most "bitter act of surrender could ever come our way".[8] The two ships from neutral Ireland were carrying British coal—after this incident, the Irish ship owners decided not to sail their vessels in British convoys and by the early months of 1942 the practice had ceased.[9] {{toclimit|2}}Ships in the convoyAllied merchant shipsA total of 23 merchant vessels joined the convoy in Liverpool.[10]
Convoy escortsA series of armed military ships escorted the convoy at various times during its journey.[10]
See also
References1. ^Hague, pp. 175–176 2. ^1 {{cite book |last=Rohwer |first=Jürgen |author2=Hummelchen|title=Axis submarine successes of World War Two |location=Annapolis, MD |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1999 |isbn=9781853673405}} p. 78 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Lund |first1=Paul |first2=Harry |last2=Ludlam |first3=Tom |last3=Shuttleworth |title=Nightmare Convoy |year=1987 |publisher=Foulsham |location= |isbn=978-0-572-01452-0}} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Mason |first=Ursula |title=Britannia's daughters: the story of the WRNS |location=Barnsley |publisher=Leo Cooper |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-85052-271-6}} page 46. 5. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.scarboroughsmaritimeheritage.org.uk/aaguila.php |last=Markwell |first=June |title=12 Scarborough Wrens sunk by U-boat |work=On the Fourth Watch |publisher=Scarborough Maritime Heritage Centre |date=5 May 2005 |accessdate=29 December 2013}} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Hague |first=Arnold |year=2000 |title=The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 |location= |publisher= |isbn=1-86176-147-3}} 7. ^{{cite book |last=Forde |first=Frank |title=Maritime Arklow |publisher=Glendale Press |location=Dún Laoghaire |year=1988 |isbn=0-907606-51-2}}, page 198. 8. ^{{cite book |last=Monsarrat |first=Nicholas |title=Life is a Four Letter Word |year=1970 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=978-0-330-02294-1 }}, page 114. 9. ^{{cite book |last=Forde |first=Frank |title=The Long Watch |publisher=New Island Books |location=Dublin |isbn=1-902602-42-0 |origyear=1981|year=2000}}, page 87. 10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/OG/index.html|title=Convoy OG.71|publisher=Arnold Hague Convoy Database|accessdate=5 November 2013}} 11. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.Uboat.Net/Allies/Merchants/Ships/1063.html |title=Aguila – British Steam Passenger Ship |publisher=www.Uboat.Net |accessdate=5 November 2013}} 12. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.Uboat.Net/Allies/Merchants/Ships/1069.html |title=Aldergrove – British Steam Merchant |publisher=www.Uboat.Net |accessdate=5 November 2013}} 13. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.Uboat.Net/Allies/Merchants/Ships/1061.html |title=Alva – British Steam Merchant |publisher=www.Uboat.Net |accessdate=5 November 2013}} 14. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.Uboat.Net/Allies/Merchants/Ships/1062.html |title=Ciscar – British Steam Merchant |publisher=www.Uboat.Net |accessdate=5 November 2013}} 15. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.Uboat.Net/Allies/Merchants/Ships/1065.html |title=Clonlara – Irish Steam Merchant |publisher=www.Uboat.Net |accessdate=5 November 2013}} 16. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.Uboat.Net/Allies/Merchants/Ships/1064.html |title=Empire Oak – British Steam Tug |publisher=www.Uboat.Net |accessdate=5 November 2013}} 17. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.Uboat.Net/Allies/Merchants/Ships/1070.html |title=Spind – Norwegian Steam Merchant |publisher=www.Uboat.Net |accessdate=5 November 2013}} 18. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.Uboat.Net/Allies/Merchants/Ships/1066.html |title=Stork – British Motor Merchant |publisher=www.Uboat.Net |accessdate=5 November 2013}} 19. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.Uboat.Net/Allies/Merchants/Ships/1060.html |title=HNoMS Bath (I 17) – Norwegian Destroyer |publisher=www.Uboat.Net |accessdate=5 November 2013}} 20. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.Uboat.Net/Allies/Merchants/Ships/1067.html |title=HMS Zinnia (K 98) – British Corvette |publisher=www.Uboat.Net |accessdate=5 November 2013}} Bibliography
External links
2 : North Atlantic convoys of World War II|Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。