| 词条 | Pomeranian culture |
| 释义 |
The Pomeranian culture, also Pomeranian or Pomerelian Face Urn culture[1] was an Iron Age culture with origins in parts of the area south of the Baltic Sea (which later became Pomerania, part of northern Germany/Poland), from the 7th century BC to the 3rd century BC, which eventually covered most of today's Poland. About 650 BC, it evolved from the Lusatian culture between the lower Vistula and Parseta rivers,[2] and subsequently expanded southward. Between 200 and 150 BC, it was succeeded by the Oksywie culture in eastern Pomerania and the Przeworsk culture at the upper Vistula and Oder rivers.[3] FeaturesThe Pomeranian culture developed in Western Pomerania covering the entire range of the Oder (Odra) and Vistula river basins. It has been sometimes associated with the Bastarnae. The original homeland of the Bastarnae remains uncertain. Babeş and Shchukin argue in favour of an origin in eastern Pomerania on the Baltic coast of northwestern Poland, on the grounds of correspondences in archaeological material e.g. a Pomeranian-style fibula found in a Poieneşti site in Moldavia.[4] The most characteristic feature was the use of burial urns with faces. The urns were often contained in stone cists. The face-urns have lids in the form of hats, often miniature ear-rings of real bronze are added. The faces are sometimes modelled very naturalistically, and no two urns show the same face. Incised drawings on the urns show hunting scenes, chariot races or riders. Brooches of Certoza-type and necklaces of multiple bronze rings are typical examples of metal work. The economy was similar to that of the Lusatian culture. Rye was systematically cultivated for the first time, but still formed a minor component of the cereals. There were fewer hill forts than in the area of the Lusatian culture further west. Southern imports were sparse as well. Related culturesA related culture of the same age was the House Urn culture in central Germany.[5] Spread{{double image|right|0875 Tracht- und Schmuckelemente des bastarnischen Stammes in der Pomoranische- Kultur (Südpolen) im 8.Jh. v. Chr..JPG|170|0876 Tracht- und Schmuckelemente in der Pomoranische- Kultur (Südpolen) im 8.Jh. v. Chr..JPG|170|Pomeranian culture costumes (Archaeological Museum of Kraków).}}{{double image|right|0857 Pomoranische Kultur, Hallstattzeitlicher Bronzedolch im Kraków-Museum.JPG|180|Gesichtsurnen.jpg|160|Antenna sword of the Hallstatt period (c. 8th century BC), found near Kraków |Two urns with facial decoration (from the Pommerellische Gesichtsurnen-Kultur) in Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Berlin.}}{{double image|right|020 Typishes Fachwerkhaus in der Nahe von Krakau zirka 8. Jh. v. Chr..jpg|200|Pomeranian culture pottery.PNG|140|depiction of 8th-century BC architecture in area today in Poland (timber framing)|Pomeranian culture pottery}} In the later Iron Age, the Pomeranian culture spread southward, into areas formerly belonging to the Lusatian, Wysoko- and Milograd cultures. In Masovia and Poland this mixture led to the development of the group with bell-shaped burials. See also
References1. ^Anthropological Literature, Tozzer Library, "The Pomerelian Face Urn culture: a report on the status of the research", Acta praehistorica et archaeologica Berlin, no. 11/12, 1980/81. p. 219–304, Redgrave Pub. Co., 1982 {{Commons category|Pomeranian culture}}{{Pomeranian history|dem}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Pomeranian Culture}}2. ^Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.23, {{ISBN|83-906184-8-6}} 3. ^J. B. Rives, Tacitus' Germania, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.8, {{ISBN|0-19-924000-0}} 4. ^Shchukin (1989) 65-6, 71-2 5. ^Peter N. Peregrine, Melvin Ember, Human Relations Area Files, inc, Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Springer, 2001, p.406, {{ISBN|0-306-46258-3}} 9 : Archaeological cultures of Central Europe|Archaeological cultures of Eastern Europe|Iron Age cultures of Europe|Slavic archaeological cultures|Archaeological cultures in Belarus|Archaeological cultures in Poland|Archaeological cultures in Ukraine|Prehistoric Poland|History of Pomerania |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。