| 词条 | Copper mining in Mongolia |
| 释义 |
Copper mining in Mongolia is a major industry and source of income for the country. There are only two companies that produce copper concentrate, Erdenet Mining Corporation, a Mongolian-Russian joint venture, and the Oyu Tolgoi mine, a joint venture between Rio Tinto Group, Turquoise Hill Resources, and the Government of Mongolia. Until 2010 copper was Mongolia's largest export. ReservesMongolia is ranked 12th in the world for copper reserves.[1] The south Gobi Desert alone has an estimated of 35 million tonnes of copper.[2] OperationsErdenet{{main article|Erdenet Mining Corporation}}Erdenet has been operation since 1978 as a joint project between Mongolia and Russia. The mine produced copper concentrate with molybdenum. Over the years the output of grade copper decreased with increasing depth of the mine. This was proposed to be compensated by manufacturing copper cathode which was priced higher. The estimated ore reserve was 1.54 billion tons. The copper concentrate production rate of 130,000 tons was envisaged by Erdent.[3] {{Asof|2012}} Erdenet was still Mongolia's sole producer of copper, and accounted for 14% of Mongolia's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007. Copper from Erdenet was Mongolia's largest export until 2010 until it was bypassed by coal.[1] While the mine has been exporting copper concentrate since production began, there are plans to create industry within the country to manufacture finished products (such as copper wire) from concentrate from the mine.[4]Oyu Tolgoi{{main article|Oyu Tolgoi mine}}In 2001 Canadian-based Ivanhoe Mines (now known as Turquoise Hill Resources) discovered the gold-copper ore deposit of what would be developed into the Oyu Tolgoi mine. The deposit is in the Gobi Desert in an area known as Oyu Tolgoi (Mongolian for Turquoise Hill),[5] where in the time of Genghis Khan outcropping rocks were smelted for copper.[6] By 2003 there were 18 exploration drill rigs on the property employing approximately 200 people, and Oyu Tolgoi was the "biggest mining exploration project in the world."[5] In January 2013 Oyu Tolgoi started producing concentrate from the mine.[9] Its location in the South Gobi province, is 50 miles away from the border with China and is termed as a mega-mine in Mongolia. Its mining operations are a joint venture of Rio Tinto (a UK-based mining transnational), Turquoise Hill and the Mongolian government.[7] As of 2010, the estimated cost of bringing the Oyu Tolgoi mine into production was US$4.6 billion,[8] making it (financially) the largest project in Mongolian history;[9] however, by 2013 costs had increased to $10 billion.[10] When in production Oyu Tolgoi will account for more than 30% of Mongolia's GDP.[11] The copper production from this mine (the investment was reported to be of the order of US$5 billion) has been projected at 450,000 tonnes of copper for the next 50 years;[12] the mining reserves are reported to extend up to 20 miles beneath the Gobi Desert and is also estimated to yield 330,000 ounces of gold annually.[13] In January 2013 Oyu Tolgoi started producing concentrate from the mine.[14] References1. ^1 {{cite book|title=The Report: Mongolia 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsfehNpL3JkC&pg=PA97|accessdate=13 May 2013|year=2012|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=978-1-907065-53-8|pages=97–98}} 2. ^{{cite news|last=Callick|first=Rowan|title=Mongolia eases restrictions on miners|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/mongolia-eases-restrictions-on-miners/story-e6frg9df-1226629596755|accessdate=13 May 2013|newspaper=The Australian|date=26 April 2013}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Mongolia: 2006 Article IV Consultation - Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Mongolia (EPub)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZpKFcSpeG8C&pg=PT18|accessdate=14 May 2013|date=31 January 2007|publisher=International Monetary Fund|isbn=978-1-4527-9911-7|pages=18–}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Jeffries|first=|title=Mongolia: A Guide to Economic and Political Developments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcgQ9nX0H3gC&pg=PA74|accessdate=13 May 2013|date=20 March 2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-96203-9|pages=74–75}} 5. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/12/22/356094/index.htm|title=The Great Mongolian Gold Rush The land of Genghis Khan has the biggest mining find in a very long time. A visit to the core of a frenzy in the middle of nowhere.|last=Grainger|first=David|date=22 December 2003|publisher=CNN Money (Fortune Magazine)|accessdate=12 May 2013}} 6. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-tugrik.html|title=Mining brings the Gobi Desert to life|last=Brooke|first=James|date=15 October 2004|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=12 May 2013}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/05/21/152683549/mineral-rich-mongolia-rapidly-becoming-minegoljoiia|title=Mineral-Rich Mongolia Rapidly Becoming 'Mine-golia'|accessdate=13 May 2013|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR) Organization}} 8. ^{{cite news|last=Morrison|first=Rod|title=PFI - Oyu Tolgoi mine picks two|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE65G0EV20100617|accessdate=22 June 2010|newspaper=Reuters|date=17 June 2010}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/connectasia/stories/201001/s2793142.htm|title=Concern over giant Mongolian min|last=March|first=Stephanie|date=15 January 2010|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation - Radio Australia|accessdate=12 May 2013}} 10. ^{{cite news|title=Mongolia Scolds Rio Tinto on Costs as Mine Riches Replace Yurts|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-09/mongolia-scolds-rio-tinto-on-costs-as-mine-riches-replace-yurts.html|accessdate=12 May 2013|newspaper=Bloomberg Markets Magazine|date=9 April 2013|author=Michael Kohn|author2=William Mellor}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/oyu-tolgio/|title=Oyu Tolgoi Gold and Copper Project, Mongolia|publisher=Mining-Technology|accessdate=12 May 2013}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://newint.org/books/reference/world-development/case-studies/mining-mongolia-development-resource-curse/|title=World Development book case study: mining in Mongolia – Mega-mining in Mongolia – A development bonus or resource curse?|accessdate=13 May 2013|publisher=New International Organization}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21850604|title=Dividing up Mongolia's mining riches from Oyu Tolgoi |publisher=BBC|date=27 March 2013|accessdate=12 May 2013}} 14. ^1 {{cite news|last=Lazenby|first=Henry|title=Oyu Tolgoi produces first concentrate|url=http://www.miningweekly.com/article/oyu-tolgoi-produces-first-concentrate-2013-02-01|accessdate=1 February 2013|newspaper=Mining Weekly|date=1 February 2013}} 1 : Copper mining in Mongolia |
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