| 词条 | Pope Celestine III |
| 释义 |
| type=Pope | honorific-prefix=Pope | name=Celestine III | image= Pope Celestine III.jpg | image_size= | birth_name=Giacinto Bobone | term_start=30 March 1191 | term_end=8 January 1198 | predecessor=Clement III | successor=Innocent III | ordination= 13 April 1191 | consecration= 14 April 1191 | consecrated_by = Cardinal Ottaviano | cardinal= February 1144 | created_cardinal_by= Celestine II | birth_date=c. 1106 | birth_place= Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire |death_date={{Death date|1198|1|8|df=y}} | death_place=Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | previous_post=Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin (1144–1191) | motto = Perfice gressus meos in semitis tuis ("Going in Thy path") | signature = CelestinusIIItitel.jpg | other=Celestine}}{{Infobox pope styles | image = Orsini-roma-stemma.jpg | dipstyle = His Holiness | offstyle = Sanct(issim)e Pater | relstyle = Holy Father | deathstyle = None }} Pope Celestine III ({{lang-la|Caelestinus III}}; c. 1106 – 8 January 1198), born Giacinto Bobone,[1] reigned from 30 March or 10 April 1191[2] to his death in 1198. He was born into the noble Orsini family in Rome and served as a cardinal-deacon prior to becoming pope.[3] He was ordained as a priest on 13 April 1191 and he ruled the church for six years, nine months, and nine days before he died aged 92. He was buried at the Lateran. BiographyCardinalConsidered by the Roman Curia as an expert on Spain, Bobone conducted two legatine missions to Spain in (1154–55) and (1172–75) as the Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.[4] PontificateCelestine crowned the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI on the day after his election in 1191 with a ceremony symbolizing his absolute supremacy, as described by Roger of Hoveden, after Henry VI promised to cede Tusculum. In 1192 he threatened to excommunicate King Tancred of Sicily, forcing him to release his aunt Empress Constance, who was wife of Henry VI and a contender of Sicilian crown, captured by Tancred in 1191, to Rome to exchange for his recognition of Tancred while also put pressure on Henry, but Constance was released by German soldiers on borders of the Papal States before reaching Rome the following summer. He subsequently nearly excommunicated the same Henry VI for wrongfully keeping King Richard I of England in prison.[5] He placed Pisa under an interdict, which was lifted by his successor Innocent III in 1198.[6] He condemned King Alfonso IX of León for his marriage to Theresa of Portugal on the grounds of consanguinity. Then, in 1196, he excommunicated him for allying with the Almohad Caliphate while making war on Castile.{{sfn|Lower|2014|p=605}} Following his marriage with Berengaria of Castile, Celestine excommunicated Alfonso and placed an interdict over León.[7] In 1198, Celestine confirmed the statutes of the Teutonic Knights as a military order.[8] DeathCelestine would have resigned the papacy and recommended a successor (Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo, O.S.B.) shortly before his death,[9] but was not allowed to do so by the cardinals.[10] See also{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History}}
References1. ^The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol.1, Ed. David Luscombe, Jonathan Riley-Smith, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 417. 2. ^http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1144.htm#Bobone 3. ^The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol.1, 417 4. ^The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol.1, 417–418. 5. ^Sikes, Thomas Burr, History of the Christian Church, from the first to the fifteenth century, (Eliott Stock, 1885), 187. 6. ^Clarke, Peter D., The interdict in the thirteenth century: a question of collective guilt, (Oxford University Press, 2007), 118. 7. ^Moore, John Clare, Pope Innocent III (1160/61–1216): to root up and to plant, (Brill Publishers, 2003), 70–71. 8. ^Urban, William, The Teutonic Knights, (Greenhill Books, 2003), 12–13. 9. ^William Stubbs (editor), Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene Vol. IV (London 1871), pp. 32-33. 10. ^Karl Holder, Die Designation deer Nachfolder durch die Päpste (Freiburg Switzerland: B. Veith 1892), pp. 69-70. Sources
External links{{EB1911 poster|Celestine (popes)}}{{S-start}}{{S-rel|ca}}{{S-bef|before=Clement III}}{{S-ttl|title=Pope|years=1191–98}}{{S-aft|after=Innocent III}}{{s-end}}{{Popes}}{{Catholicism}}{{History of the Catholic Church}}initial text from the 9th edition (1876) of an old encyclopedia{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Celestine 3}} 10 : Popes|Italian popes|12th-century Roman Catholic bishops|Diplomats of the Holy See|Orsini family|1106 births|1198 deaths|12th-century Italian people|People of medieval Rome|12th-century popes |
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