| 词条 | Popular Orthodox Rally | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| colorcode = {{Popular Orthodox Rally/meta/color}} |name = Popular Orthodox Rally |native_name = Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός | logo = LogoLAOSnew.png | logo_size = 200px | leader1_title = President | leader1_name = Georgios Karatzaferis | leader2_title = | leader2_name = | foundation = {{start date|2000|9|14|df=y}} | split = New Democracy | headquarters = 52, Kallirois Avenue, 117 45 Athens | youth_wing = Youth of the Orthodox Rally | ideology = Greek nationalism[1] {{nowrap|Right-wing populism[2][3][4]}} Religious conservatism[3] Euroscepticism[4] | position = {{nowrap|Right-wing[7] to far-right[3][4]}} | national = National Unity | european = None | europarl = No MEPs | seats1_title = Parliament | seats1 = {{Composition bar|1|300|hex={{Popular Orthodox Rally/meta/color}}}} | seats2_title = European Parliament | seats2 = {{Composition bar|0|21|hex={{Popular Orthodox Rally/meta/color}}}} | seats3_title = Regions | seats3 = {{Composition bar|43|725|hex={{Popular Orthodox Rally/meta/color}}}} | colours = {{Color box|{{Popular Orthodox Rally/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Dark Blue | website = www.laos.gr | country = Greece }} The Popular Orthodox Rally or People's Orthodox Alarm[5] (Greek: Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός, Laikós Orthódoxos Synagermós), often abbreviated to LAOS (ΛΑ.Ο.Σ.) as a pun on the Greek word for people, is a Greek radical right-wing populist political party.[2][6][7] It was founded and is led by journalist Georgios Karatzaferis. Karatzaferis formed LAOS in 2000, a few months after he was expelled from the centre-right New Democracy. In 2004, LAOS secured support from the Party of Hellenism and the Hellenic Women's Political Party. In 2005, LAOS absorbed the nationalist[8][9] Hellenic Front.[10]{{third-party-inline|date=February 2012}} The youth branch of LAOS is the Youth of the Orthodox Rally (NEOS) (which is also a pun on the word for "youth" in Greek). The Popular Orthodox Rally was a member of the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group in the European Parliament during the 7th European Parliament, and was a member of the Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe Europarty until the AIDE's dissolution in 2008. The party failed to reach the 3% threshold of the popular vote in the 2004 elections, with 2.2%; three months later it gained 4.12% of the vote and one seat in the 2004 European Parliamentary Elections. LAOS received 3.8% of the vote in the 2007 elections, electing 10 members of parliament. In 2009 LAOS managed to elect two representatives in the European Parliament, receiving 7.14% of the vote. After receiving 5.63% of the vote and electing 15 members of parliament in the 2009 elections, LAOS dropped below the 3% threshold in 2012 and failed to secure any seats in parliament. IdeologyAccording to the Popular Orthodox Rally, "the demarcation of the political world into the Right Wing and the Left Wing is no longer relevant after the end of the Cold War. Nowadays, everyone in every aspect of his or her everyday life is either in favour or against Globalization". The party claims to consist of radically diverse groups that span the entire left-right political spectrum. Party president Karatzaferis, speaking on the 6th anniversary of the party's creation, stated "We are united in the only party that has in its ranks labourers and scientists, workers and the unemployed, leftists and rightists".[11]{{third-party-inline|date=February 2012}} Karatzaferis has described the Popular Orthodox Rally as "a profoundly democratic party", consisting of everything from a "pre-dictatorship Right" to a merger of Left and Right to a "Popular Liberalism" in official party literature. He has also stated that he supports "patriotism and social solidarity, taking from all ideologies and personalities I like. I don't care if it's called communism, liberalism or socialism."[12] However, the Popular Orthodox Rally is often characterized by opposing politicians and in the media as "far-right",[13][14][15][16][17] "populist", "radical right",[18] "right-wing"[19][20] and "nationalist". It has also been argued that its founding declaration (now withdrawn from the web) included antidemocratic, anti-parliamentary ideas, and the proposal that decisions should be taken by a council, which would include military officers and Church officials.[21] The Popular Orthodox Rally began as a party with an Orthodox Christian religious identity, but also one with a radically nationalist political identity. Although it has since allegedly tried to 'moderate' the nationalist part of its appeal, with some of an extreme-nationalist or neo-fascist bent, such as Konstantinos Plevris, then leaving the party to join Patriotic Alliance or other fringe political organizations, more extreme-nationalists have recently once again joined its ranks and been elected to parliament. Of the ten Popular Orthodox Rally candidates who entered the parliament in 2007, four are considered to be part of the "nationalist bloc": Makis Voridis, "Thanos" Plevris, Adonis Georgiadis, and Kiriakos Velopoulos.[22] Amid the Greek government-debt crisis, the party supported the first bail-out in 2010 (the only parliamentary party apart from the governing PASOK),[23] but thereafter voted against PASOK government on crucial votes, including the 29 June 2011 vote on austerity measures. After George Papandreou resigned in November 2011, LAOS participated along with PASOK and the ND in the government of national unity (the Papademos cabinet), but resigned from the government in February 2012 due to further austerity measures[24] and amid declining popularity in polls.[25] LAOS failed to win any seats in either 2012 Greece parliamentary election, which can be attributed to its previous indecisive position.[26] Platform{{third-party|section|date=February 2012}}The main points of the Popular Orthodox Rally platform are as follows:[27]
Election results
The party mid LAOS
Electoral AllianceOn 8 April 2016 LAOS joined the alliance National Unity. See also
Notes1. ^{{cite book |title=European Stories: Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts |last=Lacroix |first=Justine |last2=Nicolaīdis |first2=Kalypso |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-959462-7 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNhV5Bdv2QwC }} 2. ^1 Gemenis, Kostas (2008) "The 2007 Parliamentary Election in Greece", {{cite journal | last = Gemenis | first = Kostas | title = The 2007 Parliamentary Election in Greece | journal = Mediterranean Politics | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–101 | publisher = Taylor and Francis | doi = 10.1080/13629390701862616 | date = March 2008 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629390701862616 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}:{{Cite journal | last1 = Gemenis | first1 = Kostas | last2 = Dinas | first2 = Elias | title = Confrontation still? Examining parties’ policy positions in Greece | journal = Comparative European Politics | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–201 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | doi = 10.1057/cep.2008.28 | date = July 2010 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/cep.2008.28 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} 3. ^{{cite news | last = Papadopoulos | first = Alex G. | title = The Puzzle of the 2012 Greek Elections | url = http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/08/the-puzzle-of-the-2012-greek-elections | publisher = International Policy Digest | date = 8 May 2012 | access-date = 2 June 2012 }} 4. ^{{Citation |last=Vasilopoulou |first=Sofia |year=2010 |title=Euroscepticism and the radical right: domestic strategies and party system dynamics |type=PhD thesis |publisher=The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) |pages=157– |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/633/1/Vasilopoulou_Euroscepticism_Radical_Right.pdf}} 5. ^{{Citation |first=Anthoula |last=Malkopoulou |contribution =Eurozone crisis and Parliamentary democracy: lessons from the Greek case | editor-last = Wiesner | editor-first = Claudia |title=The meanings of Europe: changes and exchanges of a contested concept |page=161 |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 | isbn = 9781306287913 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} 6. ^1 2 {{Citation |first=Paul |last=Hainsworth |title=The Extreme Right in Western Europe |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCtm2UeUQFIC&pg=PA66&dq=popular+orthodox+rally+far+right&hl=de&sa=X&ei=lv0vT5-JDYP5sgacuYzXDA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=popular%20orthodox%20rally%20far%20right&f=false}} 7. ^1 2 {{Citation |first=David |last=Art |title=Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dUTXJakqLoC&pg=PA188 }} 8. ^{{Citation |first1=Peter |last1=Davies |first2=Paul |last2=Jackson |title=The far right in Europe: an encyclopedia |publisher=Greenwood World Press |year=2008 |page=416.}} 9. ^{{Citation |first=Kathy |last=Tzilivakis |title=Voices from the far right |publisher=Athens News |date=5 March 2004 |url=http://www.athensnews.gr/old_issue/13056/11004 |accessdate=2012-03-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120801070025/http://www.athensnews.gr/old_issue/13056/11004 |archivedate=1 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 10. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=1797 | title=Decision of Hellenic Front, 15 May 2005 | publisher=E-grammes.gr | accessdate=2011-01-10 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131853/http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=1797 | archivedate=27 September 2011 | df=dmy-all }} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=2256 |title=Georgios Karatzaferis, "6 Years Popular Orthodox Rally", 14 September 2006 |publisher=E-grammes.gr |accessdate=2011-01-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131907/http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=2256 |archivedate=27 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 12. ^ND's nemesis is named Karatzaferis, 1 June 2007 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid%3D64795 |title=‘French-Greek axis’ with the same extreme views |date= 4 January 2006 |publisher=Ekathimerini.com |accessdate=2012-04-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810220136/http://archive.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid%3D64795 |archivedate=10 August 2011 }} 14. ^{{cite news | last = Smith |first=Helena (Athens) | title = Far-right movement gathers strength as Greek election nears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/farright/story/0,,2167883,00.html |work=The Guardian |location=London |date= 18 September 2007|accessdate=2011-01-10 }} 15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/greeks-return-firedamaged-conservatives/2007/09/17/1189881430865.html |title=The Age quoting Los Angeles Times, Reuters |work=The Age |date= 18 September 2007|accessdate=2011-01-10 |location=Melbourne, Australia}} 16. ^{{cite news | last = Carassava |first=Anthee | title = Greek governing party wins a 2nd term | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/17/world/europe/17greece.html?em&ex=1190260800&en=2f5f4e0b7be1c034&ei=5087%0A | work = The New York Times | date = 17 September 2007 }} 17. ^{{cite news | last = Gatopoulos | first = Derek |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091600085.html |title= Greeks voting in general election |work=The Washington Post |date= 16 September 2007|accessdate=2011-01-10}} 18. ^See Gemenis (2008) as above, Gemenis and Dinas (2009) as above, Cas Mudde (2007), Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 19. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_columns_100032_10/08/2007_86656 |title="First term judged by second," 10 August 2007 |publisher=Ekathimerini.com |accessdate=2011-01-10}} 20. ^{{cite news|title=Wall of flame threatens to engulf birthplace of the Olympic Games |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2332345.ece |work=The Times |date=27 August 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724143528/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2332345.ece |archivedate=24 July 2008 |df=dmy }} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=1&artId=4521704 |title=The hidden 'Orthodoxy' of LAOS | date = 14 June 2007 |publisher=Tanea.gr |accessdate=2011-01-10}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=5347&subid=2&pubid=133138 |title=With Α Hard Group of Five on National Issues |date=18 September 2007 |publisher=Ethnos.gr |accessdate=2011-01-10 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 23. ^{{cite web | title = Profile of parties running in May 6 Greek elections | url = http://www.ekathimerini.com/4Dcgi/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite3_1_03/05/2012_440466 | website = ekathimerini.com | date = 3 May 2012 }} 24. ^{{cite book | last = Kosmidis | first = Spyros | title = Government constraints and economic voting in Greece |url = http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/CMS%20pdf/Publications/GreeSE/GreeSE-No70.pdf | publisher = Hellenic Observatory, European Institute | id= GreeSE Paper No. 70 | date = May 2013 }} 25. ^{{cite news | last = GRReporter | title = Karadzaferis changed his mind about the memorandum, Voridis and Georgiadis are leaving | url =http://www.grreporter.info/en/karadzaferis_changed_his_mind_about_memorandum_voridis_and_georgiadis_are_leaving/6058 | publisher = GRReporter | date = 12 February 2012 }} 26. ^{{cite book | last = Roushas | first = Roxani | title = Understanding the electoral breakthrough of Golden Dawn in Greece: a demand and supply perspective | url = http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/wp/wp-83-14.pdf | format = pdf | id = WP 83 | publisher = International Migration Institute | date = January 2014 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160111120307/http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/wp/wp-83-14.pdf | archivedate = 11 January 2016 | df = dmy-all }} 27. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.laos.gr/PROGRAM_LAOS.pdf | pages=1–96 | title=Program Laos (Plaisio Theseon) | format=PDF | accessdate=2011-01-15 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716202607/http://www.laos.gr/PROGRAM_LAOS.pdf | archivedate=16 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }} External links
10 : Popular Orthodox Rally|Christian democratic parties in Europe|Nationalist parties in Greece|Eastern Orthodox political parties|Political parties established in 2000|2000 establishments in Greece|Eurosceptic parties in Greece|Euroscepticism in Greece|Eastern Orthodoxy and far-right politics|Social conservative parties |
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