词条 | Crayfish as food |
释义 |
Crayfish are eaten all over the world. Like other edible crustaceans, only a small portion of the body of a crayfish is edible. In most prepared dishes, such as soups, bisques and étouffées, only the tail portion is served. At crawfish boils or other meals where the entire body of the crayfish is presented, other portions, such as the claw meat, may be eaten. Claws of larger boiled specimens are often pulled apart to access the meat inside. Another favourite is to suck the head of the crayfish, as seasoning and flavour can collect in the fat of the boiled interior.[1] Like all crustaceans, crawfish are not kosher because they are aquatic animals that do not have both fins and scales.[2] They are therefore not eaten by observant Jews. During the Middle Ages in Scandinavia, "crayfish were counted among the insects, and that sort of animal nobody would put away in the mouth".[3] AustraliaAustralia is home to genus Cherax which is distinct from European, Asian and North and South American species. Two of the Australian edible crayfish are the common yabby (C. destructor) and the red claw (C. quadricarinatus). The common yabby is closest in size to the North American species, but is not considered to be commercially viable outside Australia because of its relatively slow growth and small size. The "red claw" crayfish are twice the size of North American crayfish and they contain 30% edible "meat" compared to 15% for P. clarkii. Other Australian species are fairly rare and thus usually are not used for food. Their slow growth generally makes them inefficient for aquaculture.[4] ChinaThe culinary popularity of crayfish swept across mainland China in the late 1990s. Crayfish is generally served with Mala flavour (a combined flavour of Sichuan pepper and hot chili) or otherwise plainly steamed whole, to be eaten with a preferred sauce. In Beijing, the ma la flavoured crayfish ({{lang|zh|麻辣小龙虾}}) is shortened to "ma xiao" ({{lang|zh|麻小}}) and is often enjoyed with beer in a hot mid-summer evening. FranceIn France, dishes with a base or garnish of crayfish ({{lang|fr|écrevisse}}) are frequently described as {{lang|fr|à la Nantuaise}} (in the style of Nantua). Crayfish tails and butter are also used to flavor the Nantua Sauce commonly served with Quenelles. Crayfish and fried eggs are the historically common garnish for chicken Marengo, although they are often omitted today. MexicoThe Mexican crayfish locally named acocil was a very important nutrition source of the ancient Mexican Aztec culture. Other regional names for crayfish are chacales, chacalines and langostinos. Today, crayfish is consumed mainly boiled, similarly to crayfish dishes in other parts of the world, or prepared with typically Mexican sauces and condiments, particularly in central and southern Mexico. Traditional preparations include soups, tacos and "cocktails" similar to shrimp dishes. NigeriaCrayfish are usually smoked, and occasionally sun-dried, and they form an indispensable food item in the diet of the people of the entire southern states in particular and Nigeria as a whole. It is a core of Nigerian cooking. Russia and UkraineIn Russia and Ukraine, crayfish ({{lang|ru|раки}}, sing. {{lang|ru|рак}}) are a traditional seasonal appetizer that is used as an accompaniment to beer and liquor. Although native varieties tend to be larger (usually, Astacus astacus), rampant freshwater pollution and years of overfishing largely limit availability to imports—most from Armenia, Kazakhstan and China. Prior to cooking, the crustaceans are soaked in water or milk, then boiled live for 7–15 minutes in rapidly boiling salted water with additional ingredients, such as carrots, onion, dill, parsley, bay leaf, peppercorns. More extravagant preparations include such ingredients as white wine, beer, sour cream, cloves, caraway seed, coriander seed, chili peppers, stinging nettle, etc.[5] Russians rarely incorporate crayfish into complex dishes and, unlike other cultures, they usually consume the entire crayfish, short of the shell and the antennae. Russian and Ukrainian fascination with crayfish goes back quite far and generates considerable lore. An old proverb: "When there is no fish, even crayfish is a fish." There are as many myth associated with picking the freshest live crayfish as there are for picking ripe watermelons. Russians and Ukrainians, generally, will not cook fresh crayfish if the crustaceans are dead or perceptibly lethargic. (But pre-boiled frozen specimens are acceptable.)[6] The Nordic countriesCrayfish is a popular dish in Sweden and Finland, and is by tradition primarily consumed at a crayfish party, called kräftskiva, during the fishing season in August. The boil is typically flavored with salt, sugar, ale, and large quantities of stems and flowers of the dill plant. While most Americans eat them warm, the Swedes and Finns normally eat them cold.[7] One traditional Swedish and Finnish practice is to eat crayfish with a vodka or akvavit chaser. The catch of domestic freshwater crayfish, Astacus astacus, and even of a transplanted American species, Pacifastacus leniusculus, is very limited, and to satisfy demand, the majority of what is consumed has to be imported. Sales depended on imports from Spain and Turkey for several decades, but after a decline in supply, China and the United States are today the biggest sources of import. SpainIn Spain, crayfish is called {{lang|es|cangrejo de río}} (lit. "river crab"). They used to be widely consumed, especially in Castile and León and Aragon, but over-fishing and the introduction of non-native crayfish species (e.g. Procambarus clarkii, commonly called {{lang|es|cangrejo americano}}) led to a dramatic decline in crayfish population. Nowadays they remain as a seasonal delicacy, usually stewed in tomato sauce, although fishing the native crayfish is strictly forbidden since the species is nearly extinct. Instead of the native crayfish, it is common to fish Procambarus clarkii or Pacifastacus leniusculus, also present in most of the Spanish rivers. United StatesIn the United States, crayfish are often referred to as crawfish or crawdads. As of 2005, Louisiana supplied 95% of the crayfish harvested in the United States.[8] In 1987, Louisiana produced 90% of the crayfish harvested in the world, 70% of which were consumed locally.[9] In 2007, the Louisiana crayfish harvest was about 54,800 tons, almost all of it from aquaculture.[10] About 70%–80% of crayfish produced in Louisiana are Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crawfish), with the remaining 20%–30% being Procambarus zonangulus (white river crawfish).[11] Despite the large-scale production in Louisiana, most frozen crayfish available in supermarkets in other states are Chinese imports. In Louisiana, South Mississippi, and Southeast Texas, crayfish are generally served at a gathering known as a crawfish boil. The crayfish are usually boiled live in a large pot with heavy seasoning (salt, cayenne pepper, lemon, garlic, bay leaves, etc.) and other items such as potatoes, corn on the cob, onions, garlic, mushrooms, turkey necks, and sausage. There are many differing methods used to season a crawfish boil, and an equal number of opinions on which one is correct.[12] Other popular dishes in the Cajun and Creole cuisines of Louisiana include crawfish étouffée, fried crawfish, crawfish pie, crawfish dressing, crawfish bread, crawfish bisque and crawfish beignets.[13] In Houston, Texas, a regional style of Vietnamese-Cajun crawfish has developed. [14][15] Cherokee people have a long tradition of catching crawdads by gigging. The crawdads are cleaned, then soaked, "in hot water with about one tablespoon of salt." The crawdads are lightly breaded with cornmeal before frying, and seasoned with salt and pepper.[16]References1. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.chow.com/stories/10506 |title=Do you suck heads? |author=Lessley Anderson |publisher=Chowhound |date=March 27, 2007}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://trianglek.org/kosherdefined.html |title=Kosher defined |accessdate=December 1, 2010 |publisher=Triangle K}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Swahn|first1=Jan-Öjvind|title=The cultural history of crayfish|journal=Bulletin Francais De La Peche Et De La Pisciculture|date=2004|issue=372-73|pages=243–251|url=http://www.onema.fr/BFPP/bfpp/Article/372_373/372p243.pdf|accessdate=30 March 2015}} 4. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.aquanic.org/publicat/usda_rac/efs/srac/242fs.pdf |year=1997 |journal=SRAC Publication |issue=244 |publisher=Southern Regional Aquaculture Center |title=Australian Red Claw Crayfish |author=Michael P. Masser and David B. Rouse |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212111732/http://aquanic.org/publicat/usda_rac/efs/srac/242fs.pdf |archivedate=2010-12-12 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.playcast.ru/view/1348563/28d02fc80a76ddf84739227c4ff3fcaa02b8a694pl |title=Раки--закуска к пиву}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://nashkiev.ua/zhurnal/vkusnaya-eda/luchshaya-zakuska-k-pivu-kontrolnaya-zakupka-rakov.html |title=Лучшая закуска к пиву: контрольная закупка раков}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.trapperarne.com/crayrecipes.htm |author=Trapper Arne |title=How to cook crayfish |accessdate=December 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231062627/http://www.trapperarne.com/crayrecipes.htm# |archive-date=2009-12-31 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 8. ^Robert P. Romaire, W. Ray McClain, Mark G. Shirley and C. Greg Lutz, Crawfish Aquaculture — Marketing (SRAC Publication No. 2402). October 2005. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. 9. ^{{cite journal |year=1990 |journal=SRAC Publication |issue=242 |publisher=Southern Regional Aquaculture Center |title=Crawfish production: harvesting, marketing and economics |author=Larry W. de la Bretonne, Jr. & Robert P. Romaire |url=http://www.aquanic.org/publicat/usda_rac/efs/srac/242fs.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212111732/http://aquanic.org/publicat/usda_rac/efs/srac/242fs.pdf |archivedate=December 12, 2010}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://text.lsuagcenter.com/NR/rdonlyres/4687F896-C5C5-47D6-A4F4-1F4455760816/46429/CrawfishHarvestStatistics7807.pdf |year=2009 |publisher=Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana |title=1978–2007: Louisiana Summary of Agriculture and Natural Resources |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402060519/http://text.lsuagcenter.com/NR/rdonlyres/4687F896-C5C5-47D6-A4F4-1F4455760816/46429/CrawfishHarvestStatistics7807.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-02 |df= }} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/our_offices/research_stations/Aquaculture/Features/extension/Classroom_Resources/The+Difference+Between+Red+Swamp+Crawfish+and+White+River+Crawfish.htm |title=LSU Classroom resources}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.crawfish.com/how-to-season-a-crawfish-boil.php |title=How to Season a Crawfish Boil |publisher=Crawfish.com |accessdate=May 22, 2010}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gumbopages.com/recipe-page.html |title=The Creole and Cajun Recipe Page |author=Chuck Taggart |publisher=The Gumbo Pages |accessdate=March 6, 2007}} 14. ^https://www.foodrepublic.com/2015/07/01/orange-county-vs-houston-two-vietnamese-food-meccas-in-america-two-very-different-menus/ 15. ^https://www.houstoniamag.com/articles/2017/2/20/best-vietnamese-cajun-crawfish-houston 16. ^{{Cite web|title = Three C’s of Crawdads: catching, cleaning and cooking|url = http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/index/9539|website = Cherokee Phoenix|accessdate = 2015-09-27|date = 2015-08-19|last = Murphy|first = Jami|language = English, Cherokee}} External links
6 : Crayfish|Edible crustaceans|Commercial crustaceans|Swedish cuisine|Louisiana cuisine|Crayfish dishes |
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