| 词条 | Crisis mapping |
| 释义 |
Crisis mappers work with data that comes from diverse sources and can be produced for varying purposes. As such, there is some overlap with big data,[3] international development,[4][5] and community engagement.[6] HistoryOne of the first major events to utilize crisis mapping was the 2010 Haiti earthquake, which killed and injured hundreds of thousands of people and left homes and infrastructure badly damaged. People who wanted to help started mapping the basic infrastructure, especially in OpenStreetMap, and were then able to do more detailed mapping as better resources became available.[7] Crisis mapping in one form or another has been used in many crises since then. Many volunteers have also joined to help with data responses to crises and to build new information-handling tools for both crisis mappers and crisis responders in the field. Since 2010, crisis mappers have mapped events in Libya (refugees), Japan (crowdsourcing and radiation monitoring for 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami), Chile (Humanitarian response to the 2010 Chile earthquake), Pakistan (2010 Pakistan floods, 2011 floods), Somalia (refugees), Alabama (2011 Super Outbreak), and dozens of smaller disasters and events around the world. Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan, hosting Syrians escaping the war, is being actively mapped on OpenStreetMap by UNHCR and REACH workers.[8]TechniquesCrisis mapping leverage the following tools and methods to power effective early warning for rapid response to complex humanitarian emergencies:[1]
Crisis mappers are usually volunteers, meaning they contribute non-wage labor. They can be professional mappers, software developers, data analysts, or members of the public.[9] Since it is a new field, crisis mapping engages users' existing skills, rather than field-specific skills. However, new skills are often acquired during "deployments", where a crisis mapping organization and interface is established to begin collecting data.[10][11] Instances of crisis mapping usually have a goal to process and/or produce data that would be of value in the crisis. Examples of processing data include geolocating news reports,[12] and classifying or translating text messages.[13] It is common to scrape social media sites for crisis-specific keywords. For instance, crisis mapping can include gathering tweets that have a specific designated hashtag.[14] Examples of producing data are creating geographic data by "tracing" buildings or roads on aerial imagery, identifying refugee camps in aerial imagery.[15] These activities are usually crowdsourced to one degree or another and coordinated via online applications. Dedicated software is often used, for example based on Ushahidi or Sahana. "Mechanical-turk" techniques are sometimes used to break up tasks into tiny chunks that can be completed quickly. Often social technologies are also frequently used, like Skype or Google Drive. Crisis mapping organizationsCrisis mappers are online teams of people, usually volunteers, who gather and provide data online to people responding to and people affected by disasters. To gather and organize the data, groups have formed to organize volunteers into teams to execute certain tasks. Organizations active in crisis mapping include:
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://crisismappers.net/ |title=The Humanitarian Technology Network |publisher=CrisisMappers |date= |accessdate=2014-08-10}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/1923247005/|title=Need to Know: Crisis Mapping|first=Alison|last=Stewart|publisher=PBS}} 3. ^{{cite web|author=Lillian Pierson |url=http://smartdatacollective.com/bigdatagal/91921/big-data-and-crowdsourcing-humanitarian-crisis-mapping |title=Big Data and Crowdsourcing in Humanitarian Crisis Mapping |publisher=SmartData Collective |date=2012-12-17 |accessdate=2014-08-10}} 4. ^http://www.unglobalpulse.org/sites/default/files/BigDataforDevelopment-GlobalPulseMay2012.pdf 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.usaid.gov/tag/crowdsourcing/ |title=Crowdsourcing | USAID Impact |publisher=Blog.usaid.gov |date= |accessdate=2014-08-10}} 6. ^{{cite news|url=http://sidewalks.latimes.com/ |title=L.A. Sidewalks |publisher=Sidewalks.latimes.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-10}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2012/07/02/how-crisis-mapping-saved-lives-in-haiti/|title=How Crisis Mapping Saved Lives in Haiti|first=Patrick|last=Meier|publisher=National Geographic|date=2 July 2012}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.openstreetmap.org/user/mikelmaron/diary/19912 |title=UN Collaborates on Zaatari Camp Data in OSM |publisher=Openstreetmap.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-10}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Budhathoki|first=Nama|title=Participants' Motivations to Contribute Geographic Information in an Online Community [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]|year=2010|publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|location=Urbana-Champaign|url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/16956}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://digitalhumanitarians.com/collaboration-guidance |title=Guidance for Collaborating with Volunteer & Technical Communities | DHN |publisher=Digitalhumanitarians.com |date=2010-05-23 |accessdate=2014-08-10}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QmSm4P9Bj-FWqqwoMzOpwnZ7dYzMfrQ-Qz5ipEiBIlY/edit?hl=en_US |title=StandbyTaskForce-Workflow-Official.doc - Google Docs |publisher=Docs.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-10}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.iyvplus10.org/content/unv-world-volunteer-web/content/feature-stories/Libya-crisis-map.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-03-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029112215/http://www.iyvplus10.org/content/unv-world-volunteer-web/content/feature-stories/Libya-crisis-map.html |archivedate=2012-10-29 |df= }} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2012.wwwconference.org/proceedings/companion/p713.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-03-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903151506/http://www2012.wwwconference.org/proceedings/companion/p713.pdf |archivedate=2013-09-03 |df= }} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://irevolution.net/2012/08/02/crisis-hashtags-on-twitter/ |title=Launching a Library of Crisis Hashtags on Twitter |publisher=iRevolution |date=2012-08-02 |accessdate=2014-08-10}} 15. ^{{cite web|last=Gray |first=Jonathan |url=http://blog.okfn.org/2010/01/15/open-street-map-community-responds-to-haiti-crisis/ |title=Open Street Map community responds to Haiti crisis | Open Knowledge Foundation Blog |publisher=Blog.okfn.org |date=2010-01-15 |accessdate=2014-08-10}} Notes
4 : Disaster management tools|International volunteer organizations|Information and communication technologies for development|Emergency management software |
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