| 词条 | Crop desiccation |
| 释义 |
Pre-harvest crop desiccation (also siccation[1]) refers to the application of a herbicide to a crop shortly before harvest.[2] Herbicides used include glyphosate, diquat and glufosinate.[2] For potatoes, carfentrazone-ethyl is used.[4] Other desiccants are cyanamide, cinidon-ethyl, and pyraflufen-ethyl.[3][4]{{unreliable source?|date=June 2015}} Desiccation corrects for uneven crop growth which is a problem in northern climates during wet summers or when weed control is poor. Several additional advantages of desiccation have been cited: more even ripening is achieved and harvest can be conducted earlier; weed control is initiated for a future crop; earlier ripening allows for earlier replanting; desiccation reduces green material in the harvest putting less strain on harvesting machinery.[2] Some crop may be mechanically destroyed when crop desiccation machinery moves through the field. The application of glyphosate differs between countries significantly. It is commonly used in the UK where summers are wet and crops may ripen unevenly. Thus in the UK 78% of oilseed rape is desiccated before harvest, but only 4% in Germany.[5] UseResidue quantities are regulated by Codex Alimentarius of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.[6] Several technical recommendations by governmental agricultural services suggest guidelines regarding sprays.[7] Pre-harvest desiccation is used in agriculture in crops including:
GlyphosateGlyphosate is used as a pre-harvest herbicide and harvest aid on cereal crops including wheat and oats and on oil seed rape.[14] As a systemic herbicide it is not a true desiccant as it can take weeks rather than days for the crop to die back after application.[15]In the UK, it began to be applied to wheat crops in the 1980s to control perennial weeds such as common couch which was very effective and meant that sowing of the next crop could occur sooner. Use as a harvest aid in the UK increased after the introduction of strobilurin fungicides which prolong the longevity of the leaves,[16] and in 2002, 12% of UK wheat crops were treated.[24] The timing of application is crucial as the moisture content of the grain must be below 30% for the yield of the crop to be unaffected and to minimise uptake of glyphosate by the grain.[17] Yield may be affected and residues increased if applications are made to uneven fields in which some areas have a moisture content over 30%. Although used in weed-free and evenly maturing crops with the aim of reducing the grain moisture content more rapidly to hasten the harvest, there is little or no advantage in doing so.[16] Glyphosate was found in 5–15% of cereal crop samples tested in the UK between 2000 and 2004, although never exceeding the Maximum Residue Level of 20 mg/kg.[18] A survey of British wheat in 2006–8 found average levels of 0.05–0.22 mg/kg with maximum levels of 1.2 mg/kg.[19] In July 2013 Austria banned the use of pre-harvest glyphosate citing the precautionary principle.[20] In April 2015 an oat buyer in Western Canada announced that it was refusing oats in which pre-harvest glyphosate had been used.[21][22] References1. ^{{cite web|title=Assessment of large-scale test – Pre-harvest siccation in rape|url=http://feiffer-consult.de/contents/en-uk/d8.html|publisher=Feiffer-consult|accessdate=2 June 2013}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web| url=http://www.monsanto.com/products/Documents/glyphosate-background-materials/Agronomic%20benefits%20of%20glyphosate%20in%20Europe.pdf |title=The agronomic benefits of glyphosate in Europe| publisher=Monsanto Europe SA |date=February 2010| accessdate=2 June 2013}} 3. ^http://www.fwi.co.uk/arable/novel-desiccant-targeted-for-stale-seed-bed-clean-up.htm 4. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://www.ithaka-journal.net/herbizide-im-urin?lang=en| author=Brändli D, Reinacher S|title=Herbicides found in human urine|publisher=Ithaka Journal|date=January 2012|accessdate=3 June 2013}} 5. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.glyphosate.eu/node?page=7 |author=Industry Task Force on Glyphosate|title=Preharvest weed control and desiccation.| date =21 November 2013| accessdate=15 January 2014}} 6. ^http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/standards/pestres/pesticide-detail/en/?p_id=158 7. ^http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/faq7206?opendocument 8. ^1 Province of Saskatchewan Dept of Agriculture. October 2010 Herbicide Options to Enhance Harvesting FAQ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601022730/http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=d9acb467-df4a-4f2c-acf4-c358055cc207 |date=2015-06-01 }} 9. ^{{cite news|last1=Arnason|first1=Robert|title=Richardson Milling says glyphosate dessication [sic] acceptable for its oats|url=http://www.producer.com/2015/05/richardson-milling-says-glyphosate-dessication-acceptable-for-its-oats/|accessdate=8 June 2015|publisher=The Western Producer|date=28 May 2015}} 10. ^Robert Harris for Farmers Weekly. June 29, 2012 Challenging season for desiccating oilseed rape 11. ^1 {{cite web| url= http://www.potato.org.uk/news/desiccation-programmes | title=Desiccation programmes | publisher=Potato Council |date=2 August 2011| accessdate=2 June 2013}} 12. ^Lulai EC. Skin-set, Wound Healing, and Related Defects. Ch 22 in Potato Biology and Biotechnology: Advances and Perspectives: Advances and Perspectives Eds. Vreugdenhil D et al, Elsevier, 2011 {{ISBN|9780080525051}} 13. ^Kozlowski TT. Extend and Significance of Shedding Plant Parts. Chapter 1 in Physiological ecology Shedding of Plants Parts, Ed. T.T. Kozlowski. Elsevier, 2012 {{ISBN|9780323145602}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.usask.ca/agriculture/plantsci/winter_cereals/winter-wheat-production-manual/chapter-23.php|title=Harvesting, Grain Drying and Storage - University of Saskatchewan|website=www.usask.ca|language=en|access-date=2017-05-03}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://fieldcropnews.com/2014/08/direct-harvest-do-you-need-a-desiccant-or-a-pre-harvest-glyphosate/|title=Direct Harvest: Do you need a desiccant or a pre-harvest glyphosate?|publisher=Field Crop News|author=Brian Hall|date=12 August 2014}} 16. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://archive.hgca.com/publications/documents/cropresearch/RR65_Final_Research_Review.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615045451/http://archive.hgca.com/publications/documents/cropresearch/RR65_Final_Research_Review.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2015-06-15|title=Pre-harvest glyphosate for weed control and as a harvest aid in cereals|author=J. H. Orson and D. H. K. Davies|date=June 2007|publisher=Home-Grown Cereals Authority}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.roundup.ca/_uploads/documents/MON-Preharvest%20Staging%20Guide.pdf|title=RoundUp preharvest staging guide|last=|first=|date=|website=Monsanto - Roundup Product Page|access-date=3 May 2017}} 18. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/multimedia/pdfs/cropguidecerealsdec06.pdf|title=FSA Pesticide Residue Minimisation Crop Action Plan - Cereals |author=Pete Berry|date=November 2006|publisher=Food Standards Agency}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://cereals.ahdb.org.uk/media/308647/pr464-final-project-report.pdf|title=Food safety review of UK cereal grain for use in malting, milling and animal feed|page=52|author=E. D. Baxter, N. Byrd and I. R. Slaiding |date=November 2009|publisher=Home-Grown Cereals Authority}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.glyphosate.eu/news/pre-harvest-use-glyphosate-recent-austrian-decision| author=Industry Task Force on Glyphosate| title=Preharvest use of glyphosate:Recent Austrian decision.| date=8 January 2014|accessdate=5 January 2014}} 21. ^{{cite news|last1=Arnason|first1=Robert|title=Oat buyer says no glyphosate pre-harvest|url=http://www.producer.com/2015/04/oat-buyer-says-no-glyphosate-pre-harvest/|accessdate=8 June 2015|publisher=The Western Producer|date=22 April 2015}} 22. ^{{cite news|last1=Daniels|first1=Calvin|title=Oats on forefront in industry news|url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/community/agriculture/oats-on-forefront-in-industry-news-1.1870080|accessdate=10 June 2015|publisher=Carlyle Observer|date=30 April 2015}} External links{{commonscat-inline|Crop desiccation}} 2 : Harvest|Herbicides |
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