“Cruiser submarine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A cruiser submarine is a very large submarine designed to remain at sea for extended periods in areas distant from base facilities. Cruiser submarines were successful for a brief period of World War I, but were less successful than smaller submarines during World War II. Large submarines remained vulnerable to damage from Defensively equipped merchant ships (DEMS), were slow to dive if found by aircraft, offered a large sonar echo surface, and were less able to defensively maneuver during depth charge attacks.^[1]

History

The cruiser submarine concept originated during the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign of 1917. Three German Type U 139 submarines and seven former merchant submarines, each armed with two {{convert|15|cm|in|sing=on}} guns, patrolled areas distant from their North Sea bases to sink Allied merchant shipping as part of an effort to end World War I by starving the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. These distant patrols enjoyed unique immunity to the defensive convoy measures which limited successful submarine attacks in the vicinity of the British Isles.^[2]

The first world war combat experience of these submarines encouraged all major navies to build submarine cruiser prototypes between the world wars, but their cost discouraged most from further production. Japanese focus on the distances of their Pacific trade routes encouraged development of the widest variety, including the A, B and J types. Germany decided against building projected 3,140-ton type XI U-boats with an aircraft hangar and four {{convert|5|in|cm|sing=on}} guns.^[3] Long-range submarines with less impressive deck guns, including Type IXD2 U-boats and United States Navy fleet submarines, evolved through the second world war; and may be identified as cruiser submarines in comparison to submarines designed for shorter patrols over lesser distances.^[1]

Examples

Name

Nation

Surface displacement

Submerged displacement

Speed

Guns

Torpedo tubes

Crew

Year

Reference

Surcouf

France}}

3,250 tons

4,304 tons

18|kn}}

2 × 203mm (8in) 50 caliber

10^[4]

118

1934

^[5]

Narwhal-class

USA|name=USA}}

2,730 tons

4,050 tons

17|kn}}

2 × 6"/53 caliber

1928

^[6]

Type U-139

German Empire|name=Germany}}

1,930 tons

2,483 tons

15|kn}}

15|cm|in|abbr=on}}

1916

^[7]

Type U-151

German Empire|name=Germany}}

1,512 tons

1,875 tons

12|kn}}

15|cm|in|abbr=on}}

1917

^[7]

Type J1

Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}

2,135 tons

2,791 tons

18|kn}}

14|cm|in|abbr=on}}/40 caliber

1926

^[8]

Type B1

Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}

2,584 tons

3,654 tons

23|kn}}

14|cm|in|abbr=on}}/40 caliber

100

1940

^[9]

Type AM

Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}

3,603 tons

4,762 tons

16|kn}}

14|cm|in|abbr=on}}/40 caliber

100

1944

^[10]

HMS X1

UK}}

2,780 tons

3,600 tons

19|kn}}

5.2|in|cm|abbr=on}}

110

1923

^[11]

Kaidai|submarine|4}}

Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}

1,833 tons

2,602 tons

23|kn}}

12|cm|in|abbr=on}}

1930

^[12]

K-class

Soviet Union}}

1,490 tons

2,104 tons

22.5|kn}}

10|cm|in|abbr=on}}

1939

^[13]

Type IXD2

Nazi Germany}}

1,616 tons

1,804 tons

19|kn}}

10.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}

1938

^[13]

Cagni|submarine|4}}

Kingdom of Italy}}

1,461 tons

2,136 tons

18|kn}}

10|cm|in|abbr=on}}

1940

^[14]

Notes

1. ^¹Blair, p.501
2. ^Tarrant, pp.44-60
3. ^Lenton, pp.198&199
4. ^Avalanch Press page on Sucouf says 8 external tubes (2x4), apparently one each 55cm & 40cm (1x4 each), but not how many in the hull.
5. ^le Masson, p.157
6. ^Silverstone, p.186
7. ^¹Gray, p.227
8. ^Watts, p.167
9. ^Watts, p.185
10. ^Watts, p.200
11. ^Lenton & Colledge, p.136
12. ^Watts, p.188
13. ^¹Taylor, p.104
14. ^Kafka & Pepperburg, p.790

Sources

{{cite book |last=Blair |first=Clay |authorlink = |title =Hitler's U-Boat War |publisher =Random House |volume =The Hunters 1939-1942 |edition = |date =1996 |location =New York |pages = |isbn =0-394-58839-8}}

{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Edwyn A. |authorlink = |title =The Killing Time |publisher =Charles Scribner's Sons |volume = |edition = |date =1972 |location =New York |pages = |isbn =}}

{{cite book |last1=Kafka |first1=Roger |last2=Pepperburg |first2=Roy L. |title =Warships of the World |publisher =Cornell Maritime Press |volume = |edition = |date =1946 |location =New York |page = |isbn =}}

{{cite book |last=le Masson |first=Henri |authorlink = |title =Navies of the Second World War |publisher =Doubleday & Company |volume =The French Navy 1 |edition = |date =1969 |location =Garden City, New York |page = |isbn =}}

{{cite book |last=Lenton |first=H.T. |authorlink = |title =German Warships of the Second World War |publisher =Arco Publishing Company |volume = |edition = |date =1976 |location =New York |pages = |isbn =0-668-04037-8}}

{{cite book |last1=Lenton |first1=H.T. |last2=Colledge |first2=J.J. |title =British and Dominion Warships of World War II |publisher =Doubleday & Company |volume = |edition = |date =1964 |location =Garden City, New York |page = |isbn =}}

{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=E.B. |last2=Nimitz |first2=Chester W. |authorlink2 =Chester W. Nimitz |title =Sea Power |publisher =Prentice-Hall |volume = |edition = |date =1960 |location =Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |page = |isbn =}}

{{cite book |last=Silverstone |first=Paul H. |authorlink = |title =U.S. Warships of World War II |publisher =Doubleday & Company |volume = |edition = |date =1968 |location =Garden City, New York |page = |isbn =}}

{{cite book |last=Tarrant |first=V.E. |authorlink = |title =The U-Boat Offensive 1914-1945 |publisher =Cassell & Company |volume = |edition = |date =1989 |location =London |pages = |isbn =1-85409-520-X}}

{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=J.C. |authorlink = |title =German Warships of World War II |publisher =Doubleday & Company |volume = |edition = |date =1966 |location =Garden City, New York |page = |isbn =}}

{{cite book |last=Watts |first=Anthony J. |authorlink = |title =Japanese Warships of World War II |publisher =Doubleday & Company |volume = |edition = |date =1966 |location =Garden City, New York |pages = |isbn =}}

1 : Submarines