“Culture of Dhaka”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Dhaka is the most populous city of Bangladesh and is characterised by its busy urban life with vibrant and versatile culture including many festivities, variety of cuisine, entertainment industry, shopping experience and sites of interests.

Festivals

Dhaka's annual cultural events, festivals and celebrations are Independence Day (26 March), the International Mother language Day (21 February), Victory Day, Pohela Boishakh, Ekushey Book Fair, Dhaka Art Summit, Rabindra Jayanti and Nazrul Jayanti; the Hindu festivals including the Durga Puja, Janmashtami and Rathayatra; the Muslim festivals of Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Milad un Nabi, Shab-e-Baraat and Muharram; Buddhist festival of Buddha Purnima and Christian festival of Christmas. Dhaka's people congregate at the Shaheed Minar and the Jatiyo Smriti Soudho to remember the national heroes of the Bengali Language Movement and the Bangladesh Liberation War. Much art and museums congregate artefacts and remember solmenly the war crimes inflicted by Pakistani war criminals and their collaborators who committed crimes against the people. These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies on public grounds. Many schools and colleges organise fairs, festivals and concerts in which citizens from all levels of society participate. Pôhela Boishakh is the first day of the Bengali calendar. It is usually celebrated on 14 April. Pohela Boishakh first marks the start day of the crop bringing home season. Usually on Pôhela Boishakh, the home is thoroughly scrubbed and cleaned; people wash early in the morning sunshine and dress in fine clothes. They spend much of the day visiting relatives, friends, and neighbours and going to the fair. Fairs are arranged in many parts of the country where various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers, dancers and traditional plays and songs. Horse races, bull races, bullfights, cockfights, flying pigeons, and boat racing were once popular. Also a statue erected where massacre of Bengalis protecting language movement was done^[1]

Pohela Baishakh, the Bengali New Year, falls annually on 14 April and is popularly celebrated across the city.^[1] Large crowds of people gather on the streets of Shahbag, Ramna Park and the campus of the University of Dhaka for celebrations.

Other fetivities include, Bengali Spring Festival, Nazrul Jayanti, Birthday of Kazi Nazrul Islam,Rabindra Jayanti, Birthday of Rabindranath Tagore, Hay Festival Dhaka, Bengal-ITC SRA Classical Music Festival.

Performing arts and media

Despite the growing popularity of music groups and rock bands, traditional folk music remains widely popular.^[2] The works of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and national anthem writer Rabindranath Tagore have a widespread following across Dhaka.^[3] The Baily Road area is known as Natak Para (Theatre Neighbourhood) which is the centre of Dhaka's thriving theatre movement.^[4]

Media and cinema

Dhaka is the centre of media and cinema of Bangladesh. The Bangladeshi press is diverse, outspoken and privately owned. Over 200 newspapers are published in the country. Bangladesh Betar is the state-run radio service.^[8] The British Broadcasting Corporation operates the popular BBC Bangla news and current affairs service. Bengali broadcasts from Voice of America are also very popular. Bangladesh Television (BTV) is the state-owned television network. There more than 20 privately owned television networks, including several news channels. Freedom of the media remains a major concern, due to government attempts at censorship and harassment of journalists.

The cinema of Bangladesh dates back to 1898, when films began screening at the Crown Theatre in Dacca. The first bioscope in the subcontinent was established in Dacca that year. The Dhaka Nawab Family patronised the production of several silent films in the 1920s and 30s. In 1931, the East Bengal Cinematograph Society released the first full-length feature film in Bangladesh, titled the Last Kiss. The first feature film in East Pakistan, Mukh O Mukhosh, was released in 1956. During the 1960s, 25–30 films were produced annually in Dacca. By the 2000s, Bangladesh produced 80–100 films a year. While the Bangladeshi film industry has achieved limited commercial success; the country has produced notable independent film makers. Zahir Raihan was a prominent documentary-maker who was assassinated in 1971. The late Tareque Masud is regarded as one of Bangladesh's outstanding directors due to his numerous productions on historical and social issues. Masud was honoured by FIPRESCI at the Cannes Film Festival in 2002 for his film The Clay Bird. Tanvir Mokammel, Mostofa Sarwar Farooki, Humayun Ahmed, Alamgir Kabir and Chashi Nazrul Islam are other prominent directors of Bangladesh cinema.

Cuisine

A rich culinary tradition has developed in Dhaka. Everyday meals consumed at home generally include plain rice as staple with fish, meat, vegetable curries as side. Lentil soup is common accompaniment. Plain rice is often replaced by roti or parata. However, culinary experience in most restaurants take a different direction. Kachchi biriyani, chicken biriyani, tehari, polao, khichuri are most common courses in restaurants. For snacks, moglai parata, halim, chop, shingara, samosa etc. are common. Borhani, lacchi are amongst popular drinks. Street carts in parks offer snacks like chotpori and fuska.

Some restaurants are famous for their specialised recipes and culinary experience. These include, Nannar Biriyani, Hajir Biriyani, Glassey, Laban etc. found in old town of Dhaka. Choker bazar, Thatari Bazar etc. are places of many popular eateries. Chaap found in Mohammadpur and Dhanmondi are popular delicacies. Other specialties of city's culinary experience include, zali kabab, reshmi kabab, suti kabab, shik kabab, gurda kabab, khiri kabab, reshmi jilabi, shahi jilabi, rumali ruti, tandur ruti, naan, bakar khani, ilish polao, morog polao etc.^[9]

People of the city devour versatile culinary experience. Along with these Bangladeshi cuisine and South Asian variants, a large variety of international cuisine is available in Dhaka. There are restaurants specialising in Chinese, Thai, Japanese, Mexican, Italian, and other western cuisines.^[10] Local and international fast food shops and chains serve burgers, fries and other readily available foods. Often many restaurants customise foreign cuisine to meet the taste of local people. For instance, most Chinese restaurants in Dhaka use recipes different from authentic Chinese food.

The following international foreign-owned restaurant chains are currently operating in the country.

Shopping

Shopping in Dhaka is very easy. There are markets in almost every part of Dhaka, where household commodities are available. Shopping malls are also found in every major avenues; some of them are Dhaka New Market, Basundhara City, Jamuna Future Park, Shimanto Square, Rapa plaza, Metro Shopping mall, Concord Twin Tower, BCS Computer City, Navana Tower, Pink city shopping mall, Mouchak Market, Eastern Plaza, Fortune mall, Eastern plus, Banga Bazar, Razdhani market, Gausia complex, Holland Centre, Suvastu Nazar Valley, Cofidence Tower, Mollah tower, Lutfun tower, Eastern Mallika, Muskut plaza, North Tower, Razlaksmi complex, Multiplan Center and many more. Kudrat-E-Khuda Avenue (former New Elephant Road), and its surrounding areas are very popular destination for shoppers. Jamuna Future Park is the 12th largest shopping mall in the world with a gross leasable area of 4.1 million sq ft and total area of 5.45 million sq ft.^[11]^[12]

Chain stores like Shopno, Agora, Meena Bazar, Nandon, PQS are also found in most of the residential areas of the city. There are many branches of Aarong around the city where local products including clothing, handicrafts, groceries and home decors are available in a wide range.

Banga Bazar is the largest hawkers market in Dhaka. The market is situated near Chankharpul behind the campus of the University of Dhaka. This place is famous for years for garment's cloths in a reasonable price. It is a favourite shopping place for many foreigners visiting Bangladesh. Basundhara City is the second largest mall in the country and has more than 23 hundred shops and 21 stories.

Dress

The most popular dressing styles for women are shari or shælwar kamij, while men usually prefer western clothing to the traditional lungi. This area is credited for the revival of the jamdani saree due to the many local saree stores selling and promoting these locally hand-made traditional Bengali sarees of fine patterned muslin. Jamdanis are 100% hand woven and originate from the Mughal era. Jamdanis are produced by a traditional high quality cottage industry, which is slowly dying out due to the slow production process. A single medium-range Jamdani saree may take as long as 3 months to complete.^[13]

Heritage

The Old City of Dhaka is home to over 2000 buildings built between the 16th and 19th centuries, which form an integral part of Dhaka's cultural heritage.

Academies

Museums and art galleries

Major parks, lakes and gardens

Religious and Cultural Festival

Official religious holidays

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|last=Ahmed|first=Dr. Nizamuddin|date=27 September 2006|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/ourcities/ourcities01.htm|title=Happy 400th anniversary, Dhaka!|work=The Daily Star|accessdate=27 September 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170745/http://www.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/ourcities/ourcities01.htm|archivedate=2 March 2007}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=Thomas Angotti & Lothar Beckel|title=Mega Cities|page=730|publisher=GEOSPACE Beckel Satellitenb|year=2001|isbn=3-85313-051-8}}
3. ^{{cite book|author=Alison Arnold|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Indian Subcontinent|pages=858–859|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=0-8240-4946-2}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Ian Herbert & Nicole Leclercq|title=The World of Theatre|page=12|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23866-8}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=John Simpson|title=The Traveler's Handbook|page=195|publisher=Globe Pequot|year=2006|isbn=0-7627-4090-6}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.itu.int/net4/itu-d/icteye/CountryProfileReport.aspx%3FcountryID%3D34 |title=Bangladesh Profile |date=2013 |website=International Telecommunications Union (ITU)}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.btrc.gov.bd/content/mobile-phone-subscribers-bangladesh-august-2015 |title=Mobile Phone Subscribers in Bangladesh August, 2015 |website=Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC)}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra's Rashidul Hossain passes away|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/22/swadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away|work=bdnews24.com|accessdate=2 January 2016}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember|title=Encyclopedia of Urban Cultures: Cayenne-Kyoto: Cities and Cultures Around the World |page=147|publisher=Grolier|year=2002|isbn=0-7172-5698-7}}
10. ^{{cite news|last=Lawson|first=Alistair|date=1 June 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2018535.stm|title=Good times for bourgeois Bangladeshis|work=BBC News|accessdate=2 October 2006}}
11. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.jamunafuturepark.com/content.php?q=features|title=Features|publisher=Jamuna Future Park|accessdate=6 August 2013}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/index.php?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=07-10-2012&type=Jamuna-Future-Park-opens-soon&pub_no=284&cat_id=1&menu_id=3&news_type_id=1&index=19|title=Jamuna Future Park opens soon|date=7 October 2012|work=Daily Sun |accessdate=10 October 2012}}
13. ^{{Cite journal | last = Roy | first = Tirthankar | title = Out of Tradition: Master Artisans and Economic Change in Colonial India | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 66 | pages = 963–991 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year = 2007 | doi=10.1017/s002191180700126x}}