| 词条 | Culture of Guam |
| 释义 |
The culture of the Marianas Islands, including Tinian, Saipan, Rota, and Guam, reflects traditional Chamorro customs in a combination of indigenous pre-Hispanic forms, as well as American, Filipino, Spanish and Mexican traditions.{{sfn|Wuerch|Ballendorf|1994|p=44}} The Chamorro people have lived on the Micronesian island of Guam for nearly 4000 years, and have cuisine, dance, fashion, games, language, music, and songs of their own. Background and customsThe island’s original community is of Chamorro natives who have inhabited Guam for almost 4000 years.{{sfn|Cunningham|Beaty|2001|p=5-6}} They had their own language akin to the languages of Indonesia and Philippines. The Spanish later called them Chamorros, a derivative of the local word Chamurre (meaning of Chamorri is "noble race"). They began to grow rice on the island.{{sfn|Cunningham|Beaty|2001|p=5}} Western people came to the island from the 16th century and wrote about the culture of these people. Many scientists (including ethnologists, doctors, botanists, archeologists) came to Guam from Spain, Russia, France to study from the 1700s, apart from Spanish governors who had written on the local people. Many of their collections are now in the Guam Museum.{{sfn|Cunningham|Beaty|2001|pp=13-14}} Dress{{multiple image|direction = vertical |align = right |width = 200 |image1 = Chamorro performers women.jpg |caption1 = Chamorro dancers |image2 = Chamorro children.jpg |caption2 = Chamorro dance presentation by school children }} Early European navigators and missionaries described the aboriginal inhabitants of Guam. The men wore their hair loose or coiled in a knot on top of their heads, though there are also records of men with shaving their heads with the exception of a patch of hair about a finger long, which they left on the crown. Some of them also wore beards.{{sfn|Safford|1912|p=9}} They wore hats called akgak, made out of the leaves of the Pandanus plant. Carrying a carved walking stick was a style among young men. Men were in charge of constructing houses and canoes, fishing, hunting birds, fruit bats and coconut crabs, as well as growing their own crops.{{sfn|Cunningham|Beaty|2001|pp=19-20}} Women's hair was worn very long, often reaching to the ground. Women wore a lower body covering in the form of a small apron-like garment made of the inner bark of trees.{{sfn|Safford|1912|p=9}} They also wore a top called a tifi made out of gunot, while men remained bare-chested due to hot climatic conditions.{{sfn|Cunningham|Beaty|2001|pp=19-20}} Women occupied themselves with weaving baskets, mats, and hats of Pandanus leaves, and doing other forms of domestic labor around the house.{{sfn|Safford|1912|p=9}} Women decorated themselves with flowers and belts made of coconut shells as adornments over their skirts, and also wore a head dress made of tortoise shells. In addition to domestic chores, women were also involved in fishing in the reefs and collecting wild breadfruit called dokdok from the forest. {{sfn|Cunningham|Beaty|2001|pp=20-1}} Marriage and festivalsBefore marriage, it was customary for young men to live in concubinage with young women, whom they purchased from their families with gifts. Frequently a number of young men and young women would live together in one large public house, as is also the custom among the Igorot of Luzon. After marriage, a husband was expected to be content with one wife, and a wife with one husband, at a time. Divorces were noted as being frequent, with the children and the household property staying with the wife.{{sfn|Safford|1912|p=10}} Festivals were celebrated with the men and women collecting in separate groups, forming semi-circles. They would sing and chant their ancestral legends and fables. Sometimes these traditional songs would be sung with treble, contralto, and falsetto singers in a three-part harmony. The songs were accompanied by certain gestures and movements of the body. Women used rattles and castanets made of shells to make music as well.{{sfn|Safford|1912|p=12}} ReligionHistorically, the native people of Guam were said to be superstitious. They venerated the bones of their ancestors, keeping the skulls in their houses in small baskets, and practicing incantations before them when it was desired to attain certain objects. The spirits of the dead were called aniti, and were supposed to dwell in the forests, often visiting the villages at certain times, causing bad dreams and having special sway over fisheries. People who died a violent death were said to go afterwards to a place called Zazarraguan. Those dying a more peaceful death were said to have instead gone to a subterranean paradise containing coconut groves and banana plantations, as well as sugar cane and other edible fruits.{{sfn|Safford|1912|p=11}} Dominican Sisters, Sisters of the Good Shepherd, Guam Buddhism Society, Muslim Association of Guam, and the Redemptoris Mater Seminary are examples of religious institutions present in modern-day Guam. Ancestral worship is still present.{{sfn|Liston|Clark|Alexander|2011|p=55}} CuisineHistorically, the diet of the native inhabitants of Guam consisted of fish, fowl, rice, breadfruit, taro, yams, bananas, and coconuts used in a variety of dishes. They traditionally cooked by means of heated stones buried in a pit, much like the method used by many present day Polynesian cultures. The principal crops introduced by European missionaries were maize, tobacco, oranges, lemons, limes, pineapples, cashews, peanuts, eggplant, tomatoes, and several species of Annona, besides a number of leguminous vegetables and garden herbs. Coffee and cacao were introduced later.{{sfn|Safford|1912|pp=13–14}} The modern-day cuisine of Guam is a fusion of that of the indigenous tribes of Chamorro, Filipinos, Pacific Islanders, Asians and whites. Spanish colonialism lasting 200 years especially had a strong influence on the cuisine blended with the present American influence. Some popular dishes include the chorizo breakfast bowl, the Jamaican Grill{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}, red rice as a side dish cooked with the red seeds of the achiote tree, escovitch chicharrón, guyuria, roskette, kalamai, and a Filipino-inspired dessert called the banana lumpia.[1] P. mariannus mariannus (Mariana Fruit Bat) meat is a distinctive feature of traditional Chamorro cuisine.{{sfn|Quammen|2012|p=131-132}} Other notable local ingredients in Guam's cuisine include fresh fish, such as tuna, as well as breadfruit, coconut, papaya, taro, and yams.{{sfn|Hanauer|2001|p=13}} ArchitectureHistorically, Chamorro houses were raised on wooden posts or pillars of stone (called latte), and thatched with palm leaves. Their boats were kept in pillar-supported sheds near the water.{{sfn|Safford|1912|p=12}} The latte stones are stone pillars built integral to every house on the Guam island and also in all other Marianas islands.[2] The latte stone houses built length wise were narrow with a rising roof with long rafters. The rafters were extended to the ground level and buried in the ground as a protection against cyclonic winds. Hardwood (of ifil or seeded breadfruit trees or palo maria) formed the main framework of the houses with woven palm leaves covering the sides. The flooring was made of wood from betel nut trees or of split bamboo. Usually the kitchen was made as a separate house. {{sfn|Cunningham| Beaty|2001|pp=26-27}} Most of the 180 or so villages in Guam were mostly destroyed during the Spanish-Chamorro war between 1670 and 1695, and only the latte from 20 houses still remain, where remnants of pottery, shell tools and stone are scattered.{{sfn|Cunningham|Beaty|2001|p=28}}In modern times the latte stone has become a symbol of Chamorro identity and concrete lattes have been fashioned into new buildings, while actual latte stones can be seen incorporated into residential landscaping. ArtPotteryChamorro pottery is a local ceramic art form which according to archaeological finds dates back more than 3,000 years. Items in the form of domestic kitchen ware were handcrafted with geometric designs with lime impressions. During the Latte Period (800 AD–1521 AD), ceramics were made with red clay mixed with volcanic sand. These were decorated on the surface along the rim but were smaller in size compared to the pre-Latte ware. They were also designed with a round or cone-shaped base with small openings to facilitate cooking. However, during the Spanish colonial rule this traditional craft was discontinued and imported ceramics came to be used instead. In the mid-1960s, the University of Guam has promoted the revival of this form of craft work, and it is now once again a specialized art form of Guam.[3]PaintingPainting is a recent practice which has evolved in Guam since the 1980s. Guam International Airport has one of the largest collection of paintings by local artists on display at the arrival and departure gates, as does the business college of the University of Guam.[4] Some of the murals done by painter Sal Bidaure are a two-story level mural on the Bank of Hawaii and another that is done on the concrete retaining wall near the Hilton hotel. Contemporary paintings by many artists are seen in many prominent buildings throughout the island. Some of the well-known contemporary artists are Mark Dell’Isola, Vivian Chargulaf, Monica Baza and Ric R. Castro.[4] See also
References
1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110207-guam-the-best-place-you-never-considered-going-to|title=Guam: The best place you never considered going to|date=7 February 2011|accessdate=21 October 2013|publisher=BBC.com}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Contents of a Latte Village|url=http://guampedia.com/contents-of-a-latte-village/|publisher=Guampedia|accessdate=19 October 2013}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://guampedia.com/ceramics/|title=Ceramics|accessdate=20 October 2013|publisher= Guampedia.com}} 4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://guampedia.com/painting/|title= Painting|accessdate=21 October 2013|publisher=Guampedia.com}}
External links{{commonscat-inline|Culture of Guam}} 1 : Guamanian culture |
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