| 词条 | Cum universi |
| 释义 |
Cum universi{{#tag:ref|The full title of the bull is Cum universe Christi jugo subjecti (Latin: With the yoke of Christ to all those subject).[1]|group=note}} ({{lang-la|With the yoke}}) is a papal bull written by Pope Celestine III, issued on 13 March 1192.{{#tag:ref|Some historians, such as Anderson, state that the authorship of the bull could also be attributed to Pope Clement III.[1]|group=note}} The bull ended the claim of the Archbishop of York to metropolitan jurisdiction in Scotland and established an independent national church, albeit one with no figurehead. Background{{See also|Christianity in Medieval Scotland}}Before the bull's publication, the church in Scotland had no metropolitan authority by way of an archbishop.[2] Attempts had been made by Pope Paschal II in 1100 to attach the metropolitan authority of the Archbishop of York to Scotland[3] in his letter Noscat dilectio,{{#tag:ref|Latin: He knows the love.|group=note}} which he addresses "to the suffragans of the metropolis of York per Scotiam".[4] Noscat dilectio was written on the promotion of Gerard, Bishop of Hereford to the archbishopric of York, commanding the Scottish bishops to obey Gerard and accept his authority, which the Scottish bishops refused to do.[2]On the consecration of Archbishop Thurstan of York by Pope Calixtus II, a more vigorous campaign was mounted insisting York’s authority be recognised in Scotland. Although both Calixtus and successive popes commanded the obedience of the Scottish bishops to York, the bishops of St. Andrews and Glasgow refused, abetted by both King Alexander and King David.[4] In April 1125, Pope Honorius II wrote to King David commanding him to receive Cardinal John of Crema as papal legate to investigate the matter of the continued controversy with the metropolitan authority of the Archbishop Thurstan and the Scottish bishops.[3] The inquiry was fruitless and in 1126, the pope summoned the Scottish bishops to Rome during Lent 1127 for an inquiry on their relationship with York. The meeting was, however, aborted.[4] Consecration of Scottish BishopsDuring the controversy, when a Scottish bishop required consecration it should have been performed by the Archbishop of York.{{#tag:ref|This was by virtue of the Archbishop of York having metropolitan authority over the Scottish bishop's sees.|group=note}} Due to vacancies arising in both sees concurrently, however, Bishop John and his successor Herbert were consecrated by the pope himself.[5] The pattern then continued even when the See of York was not vacant, when Hubert’s successor, Engelram, was consecrated by Pope Alexander III. Engelram’s successor, Jocelyn was consecrated at Clairvaux by a papal legate.[6] Rights established by the bullThe bull arose as a result of the controversy, and for the first time in the ecclesiastical history of Scotland, the church is referred to an entity (Scotticana ecclesia[3]), comprising the dioceses of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Dunkeld, Dunblane, Brechin, Aberdeen, Moray, Ross and Caithness.[3] The bull then goes on to outline the rights attached to the church:
The bull is viewed as a pivotal moment in the history of the mediæval Scottish church and instrumental in the removal of English influences in Scottish ecclesiastical affairs.[6] See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |last=Anderson ||first=A. O. |date=July 1923 |title=The Bull "Cum Universi |journal=The Scottish Historical Review |volume=25 |issue=100 |pages=335–341 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |doi= |url= |accessdate= }} 2. ^1 {{cite book |last=Furguson |first=William |editor-first=|editor-last=|title=The Identity of the Scottish Nation: A Historic Quest |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=1 May 1998 |pages= |chapter= |isbn=0748610715}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal |last1=Barrell |first1=A. D. M. |last2= |first2= |date=Autumn 1995 |title=The background to Cum universe: Scoto-papal relations, 1159-1192 |journal=The Innes Review |volume=48 |issue=2|pages=116–138 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |doi=10.3366/inr.1995.46.2.116 |url=http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/pdfplus/10.3366/inr.1995.46.2.116|url-access=subscription |accessdate=30 December 2017 }} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.cushnieent.force9.co.uk/New%20Diocese/diocese_independance.htm |title=Independence of the Early Medieval Church |author=Cushnie Enterprises |date= |work= |publisher=Cushnie Enterprises |accessdate=4 May 2012}} 5. ^{{cite book |last=|first=|editor-first=Anderson Allan |editor-last=Orr |title=Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: A.D. 500 to 128 |publisher=BiblioLife, LLC |date=18 July 2009 |pages= |chapter= |isbn= 978-1-113-21606-9}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |last=Dowden |first=John |editor-first= |editor-last=|title=The Bishops of Scotland |publisher=James Maclehose & Sons |year=1912|edition=1st |pages=220 et seq. |chapter= |asin=B0006AGIO6}} References{{Reflist}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}{{Scottish religion}} 16 : 12th-century papal bulls|12th-century Christian texts|12th-century Catholicism|Middle Ages Christian texts|12th-century historical documents|1192 in Europe|Documents of Pope Celestine III|Letters (message)|Catholic Church in Scotland|12th century in Scotland|History of Catholicism in Scotland|History of Catholicism in England|Christianity in medieval Scotland|England–Scotland relations|England–Holy See relations|Holy See–Scotland relations |
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