请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Curiosity (rover)
释义

  1. Goals and objectives

  2. Specifications

  3. Instruments

      Mast Camera (MastCam)    Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam)    Navigation cameras (navcams)    Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS)    Hazard avoidance cameras (hazcams)    Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)    Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)    Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin)    Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM)    Dust Removal Tool (DRT)    Radiation assessment detector (RAD)    Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)    Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)    Robotic arm  

  4. Comparisons to other Mars missions

  5. The name: Curiosity

  6. Landing

      Landing site    Rover's role in the landing system  

  7. Coverage, cultural impact and legacy

      Awards  

  8. Images

      Components of Curiosity    Orbital images    Rover images    Self-portraits    Wide images  

  9. See also

  10. References

  11. External links

{{short description|American robotic rover exploring the crater Gale on Mars}}{{About|the Mars rover|its spaceflight mission|Mars Science Laboratory|its events on Mars|Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}{{Use American English|date=March 2018}}{{Italic title}}{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Curiosity
| image = Curiosity Self-Portrait at 'Big Sky' Drilling Site.jpg
| image_caption = {{longitem|Self-portrait of Curiosity located at the foothill of Mount Sharp (October 6, 2015)|style= padding: 3px 0; line-height: 1.3em;}}
| mission_type = Mars rover
| operator = NASA
| website = {{URL|http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/}}
| COSPAR_ID = 2011-070A
| SATCAT = 37936
| mission_duration = Primary: 668 sols (687 days)
Current: {{Curiosity Mission Timer}} sols ({{time interval|6 August 2012 05:17:57|show=d|disp=raw}} days) since landing
| manufacturer = {{Plainlist|
  • JPL
  • Boeing
  • Lockheed Martin }}

| dry_mass = Rover only: {{convert|1982|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}[2]
| launch_mass =
| power =
| launch_date = {{start-date|November 26, 2011, 15:02:00|timezone=yes}} UTC[3][4][5]
| launch_rocket = Atlas V 541 (AV-028)
| launch_site = Cape Canaveral LC-41[6]
| launch_contractor =
| deactivated =
| last_contact =
| orbit_epoch =
| orbit_reference = Heliocentric (transfer)
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination =
| apsis = helion
|interplanetary =
|type = rover
|object = Mars
|component = Rover
|arrival_date = August 6, 2012, 05:17:57 UTC SCET[7][8]
|location = Aeolis Palus ("Bradbury Landing"[9]) in the crater Gale
({{coord|4.5895|S|137.4417|E|globe:Mars|name=Curiosity}})[10][11]
|distance = {{cvt|20.16|km}}[1]
{{as of|2019|2|13|lc=y}}
| programme = Mars rovers (NASA)
| previous_mission = Spirit{{\\}}Opportunity
| next_mission = Mars 2020
}}Curiosity is a car-sized rover designed to explore the crater Gale on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission (MSL).[3] Curiosity was launched from Cape Canaveral on November 26, 2011, at 15:02 UTC and landed on Aeolis Palus inside Gale on Mars on August 6, 2012, 05:17 UTC.[7][8][16] The Bradbury Landing site was less than {{convert|2.4|km|abbr=on}} from the center of the rover's touchdown target after a {{convert|350|e6mi|e6km|abbr=unit|order=flip}} journey.[9][18] The rover's goals include an investigation of the Martian climate and geology; assessment of whether the selected field site inside Gale has ever offered environmental conditions favorable for microbial life, including investigation of the role of water; and planetary habitability studies in preparation for human exploration.[19][20]

In December 2012, Curiosity{{'s}} two-year mission was extended indefinitely,[21] and on August 5, 2017, NASA celebrated the fifth anniversary of the Curiosity rover landing.[2][3] The rover is still operational, and as of {{#time:F j, Y}}, Curiosity has been on Mars for {{Curiosity Mission Timer}} sols ({{time interval|6 August 2012 05:17:57|show=d|disp=raw}} total days) since landing on August 6, 2012. (See current status.)

Curiosity{{'s}} design serves as the basis for the planned Mars 2020 rover, that will carry different scientific instruments.

Goals and objectives

As established by the Mars Exploration Program, the main scientific goals of the MSL mission are to help determine whether Mars could ever have supported life, as well as determining the role of water, and to study the climate and geology of Mars.[19][20] The mission results will also help prepare for human exploration.[20] To contribute to these goals, MSL has eight main scientific objectives:[27]

Biological
  1. Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
  2. Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
  3. Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures and biomolecules)
Geological and geochemical
  1. Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near-surface geological materials
  2. Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils
Planetary process
  1. Assess long-timescale (i.e., 4-billion-year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
  2. Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide
Surface radiation
  1. Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including galactic and cosmic radiation, solar proton events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future crewed mission.[28]

About one year into the surface mission, and having assessed that ancient Mars could have been hospitable to microbial life, the MSL mission objectives evolved to developing predictive models for the preservation process of organic compounds and biomolecules; a branch of paleontology called taphonomy.[29]

Specifications

Curiosity comprised 23% of the mass of the {{convert|3893|kg|lb|abbr=on}} spacecraft at launch. The remaining mass was discarded in the process of transport and landing.

  • Dimensions: Curiosity has a mass of {{convert|899|kg|lb|abbr=on}} including {{convert|80|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of scientific instruments.[30] The rover is {{convert|2.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|2.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide by {{convert|2.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height.[31]
  • Power source: Curiosity is powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), like the successful Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars landers in 1976.[32][33]

Radioisotope power systems (RPSs) are generators that produce electricity from the decay of radioactive isotopes, such as plutonium-238, which is a non-fissile isotope of plutonium. Heat given off by the decay of this isotope is converted into electric voltage by thermocouples, providing constant power during all seasons and through the day and night. Waste heat is also used via pipes to warm systems, freeing electrical power for the operation of the vehicle and instruments.[32][33] Curiosity{{'s}} RTG is fueled by {{convert|4.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of plutonium-238 dioxide supplied by the U.S. Department of Energy.[36]

Curiositys RTG is the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG), designed and built by Rocketdyne and Teledyne Energy Systems under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy,[4][5] and assembled and tested by the Idaho National Laboratory.[6] Based on legacy RTG technology, it represents a more flexible and compact development step,[40] and is designed to produce 110 watts of electrical power and about 2,000 watts of thermal power at the start of the mission.[32][33] The MMRTG produces less power over time as its plutonium fuel decays: at its minimum lifetime of 14 years, electrical power output is down to 100 watts.[43][44] The power source generates {{convert|9|MJ|kWh|abbr=on|lk=on}} each day, much more than the solar panels of the now retired Mars Exploration Rovers, which generated about {{convert|2.1|MJ|kWh|abbr=on}} each day. The electrical output from the MMRTG charges two rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. This enables the power subsystem to meet peak power demands of rover activities when the demand temporarily exceeds the generator's steady output level. Each battery has a capacity of about 42 ampere-hours.

  • Heat rejection system: The temperatures at the landing site can vary from {{convert|-127|to|40|C|F}}; therefore, the thermal system warms the rover for most of the Martian year. The thermal system does so in several ways: passively, through the dissipation to internal components; by electrical heaters strategically placed on key components; and by using the rover heat rejection system (HRS).[45] It uses fluid pumped through {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}} of tubing in the rover body so that sensitive components are kept at optimal temperatures.[46] The fluid loop serves the additional purpose of rejecting heat when the rover has become too warm, and it can also gather waste heat from the power source by pumping fluid through two heat exchangers that are mounted alongside the RTG. The HRS also has the ability to cool components if necessary.[46]
  • Computers: The two identical on-board rover computers, called Rover Computer Element (RCE) contain radiation hardened memory to tolerate the extreme radiation from space and to safeguard against power-off cycles. The computers run the VxWorks real-time operating system (RTOS). Each computer's memory includes 256 kB of EEPROM, 256 MB of DRAM, and 2 GB of flash memory.[48] For comparison, the Mars Exploration Rovers used 3 MB of EEPROM, 128 MB of DRAM, and 256 MB of flash memory.[49]

The RCE computers use the RAD750 CPU, which is a successor to the RAD6000 CPU of the Mars Exploration Rovers.[50][51] The RAD750 CPU, a radiation-hardened version of the PowerPC 750, can execute up to 400 MIPS, while the RAD6000 CPU is capable of up to only 35 MIPS.[52][53] Of the two on-board computers, one is configured as backup and will take over in the event of problems with the main computer.[48] On February 28, 2013, NASA was forced to switch to the backup computer due to an issue with the active computer's flash memory, which resulted in the computer continuously rebooting in a loop. The backup computer was turned on in safe mode and subsequently returned to active status on March 4.[55] The same issue happened in late March, resuming full operations on March 25, 2013.[56]

The rover has an inertial measurement unit (IMU) that provides 3-axis information on its position, which is used in rover navigation.[48] The rover's computers are constantly self-monitoring to keep the rover operational, such as by regulating the rover's temperature.[48] Activities such as taking pictures, driving, and operating the instruments are performed in a command sequence that is sent from the flight team to the rover.[48] The rover installed its full surface operations software after the landing because its computers did not have sufficient main memory available during flight. The new software essentially replaced the flight software.[18]

The rover has four processors. One of them is a SPARC processor that ran the rover's thrusters and descent-stage motors as it descended through the Martian atmosphere. Two others are PowerPC processors: the main processor, which handles nearly all of the rover's ground functions, and that processor's backup. The fourth one, another SPARC processor, commands the rover's movement and is part of its motor controller box. All four processors are single core.[61]

  • Communications: Curiosity is equipped with significant telecommunication redundancy by several means: an X band transmitter and receiver that can communicate directly with Earth, and a UHF Electra-Lite software-defined radio for communicating with Mars orbiters.[45] Communication with orbiters is the main path for data return to Earth, since the orbiters have both more power and larger antennas than the lander, allowing for faster transmission speeds.[45] Telecommunication included a small deep space transponder on the descent stage and a solid-state power amplifier on the rover for X band. The rover also has two UHF radios,[45] the signals of which orbiting relay satellites are capable of relaying back to Earth. Signals between Earth and Mars take an average of 14 minutes, 6 seconds.[65] Curiosity can communicate with Earth directly at speeds up to 32 kbit/s, but the bulk of the data transfer is being relayed through the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Odyssey orbiter. Data transfer speeds between Curiosity and each orbiter may reach 2000 kbit/s and 256 kbit/s, respectively, but each orbiter is able to communicate with Curiosity for only about eight minutes per day (0.56% of the time).[66] Communication from and to Curiosity relies on internationally agreed space data communications protocols as defined by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems.[67]

JPL is the central data distribution hub where selected data products are provided to remote science operations sites as needed. JPL is also the central hub for the uplink process, though participants are distributed at their respective home institutions.[45] At landing, telemetry was monitored by three orbiters, depending on their dynamic location: the 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and ESA's Mars Express satellite.[69] As of February 2019, the MAVEN orbiter is being positioned to serve as a relay orbiter while continuing its science mission.[7]

  • Mobility systems: Curiosity is equipped with six {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} diameter wheels in a rocker-bogie suspension. The suspension system also served as landing gear for the vehicle, unlike its smaller predecessors.[71][72] Each wheel has cleats and is independently actuated and geared, providing for climbing in soft sand and scrambling over rocks. Each front and rear wheel can be independently steered, allowing the vehicle to turn in place as well as execute arcing turns.[45] Each wheel has a pattern that helps it maintain traction but also leaves patterned tracks in the sandy surface of Mars. That pattern is used by on-board cameras to estimate the distance traveled. The pattern itself is Morse code for "JPL" (·--- ·--· ·-··).[74] The rover is capable of climbing sand dunes with slopes up to 12.5°.[75] Based on the center of mass, the vehicle can withstand a tilt of at least 50° in any direction without overturning, but automatic sensors limit the rover from exceeding 30° tilts.[45] After six years of use, the wheels are visibly worn with punctures and tears.[77]

Curiosity can roll over obstacles approaching {{convert|65|cm|in|abbr=on}} in height,[78] and it has a ground clearance of {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}}.[79] Based on variables including power levels, terrain difficulty, slippage and visibility, the maximum terrain-traverse speed is estimated to be {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} per day by automatic navigation.[78] The rover landed about {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the base of Mount Sharp,[81] (officially named Aeolis Mons) and it is expected to traverse a minimum of {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} during its primary two-year mission.[82] It can travel up to {{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on}} per hour but average speed is about {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} per hour.[82] The vehicle is 'driven' by several operators lead by Vandi Verma, currently group leader of Autonomous Systems, Mobility and Robotic Systems at JPL,[8][9] who also cowrote the PLEXIL language used to operate the rover.[10][11][12]

Instruments

The general sample analysis strategy begins with high-resolution cameras to look for features of interest. If a particular surface is of interest, Curiosity can vaporize a small portion of it with an infrared laser and examine the resulting spectra signature to query the rock's elemental composition. If that signature is intriguing, the rover uses its long arm to swing over a microscope and an X-ray spectrometer to take a closer look. If the specimen warrants further analysis, Curiosity can drill into the boulder and deliver a powdered sample to either the SAM or the CheMin analytical laboratories inside the rover.[89][90][91] The MastCam, Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI), and Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) cameras were developed by Malin Space Science Systems and they all share common design components, such as on-board electronic imaging processing boxes, 1600×1200 CCDs, and an RGB Bayer pattern filter.[92][93][94][95][96][97]

In total, the rover carries 17 cameras: HazCams (8), NavCams (4), MastCams (2), MAHLI (1), MARDI (1), and ChemCam (1).[98]

Mast Camera (MastCam)

The MastCam system provides multiple spectra and true-color imaging with two cameras.[93] The cameras can take true-color images at 1600×1200 pixels and up to 10 frames per second hardware-compressed video at 720p (1280×720).[100]

One MastCam camera is the Medium Angle Camera (MAC), which has a {{convert|34|mm|in|abbr=on}} focal length, a 15° field of view, and can yield 22 cm/pixel (8.7 in/pixel) scale at {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The other camera in the MastCam is the Narrow Angle Camera (NAC), which has a {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} focal length, a 5.1° field of view, and can yield 7.4 cm/pixel (2.9 in/pixel) scale at {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}}.[93] Malin also developed a pair of MastCams with zoom lenses,[102] but these were not included in the rover because of the time required to test the new hardware and the looming November 2011 launch date.[103] However, the improved zoom version was selected to be incorporated on the upcoming Mars 2020 mission as Mastcam-Z.[13]

Each camera has eight gigabytes of flash memory, which is capable of storing over 5,500 raw images, and can apply real time lossless data compression.[93] The cameras have an autofocus capability that allows them to focus on objects from {{convert|2.1|m|abbr=on}} to infinity.[96] In addition to the fixed RGBG Bayer pattern filter, each camera has an eight-position filter wheel. While the Bayer filter reduces visible light throughput, all three colors are mostly transparent at wavelengths longer than 700 nm, and have minimal effect on such infrared observations.[93]

{{Clear}}

Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam)

{{Main article|Chemistry and Camera complex}}

ChemCam is a suite of two remote sensing instruments combined as one: a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and a Remote Micro Imager (RMI) telescope. The ChemCam instrument suite was developed by the French CESR laboratory and the Los Alamos National Laboratory.[108][109][110] The flight model of the mast unit was delivered from the French CNES to Los Alamos National Laboratory.[111] The purpose of the LIBS instrument is to provide elemental compositions of rock and soil, while the RMI gives ChemCam scientists high-resolution images of the sampling areas of the rocks and soil that LIBS targets.[108][113] The LIBS instrument can target a rock or soil sample up to {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} away, vaporizing a small amount of it with about 50 to 75 5-nanosecond pulses from a 1067 nm infrared laser and then observes the spectrum of the light emitted by the vaporized rock.[114]

ChemCam has the ability to record up to 6,144 different wavelengths of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light.[115] Detection of the ball of luminous plasma is done in the visible, near-UV and near-infrared ranges, between 240 nm and 800 nm.[108] The first initial laser testing of the ChemCam by Curiosity on Mars was performed on a rock, N165 ("Coronation" rock), near Bradbury Landing on August 19, 2012.[117][118][119] The ChemCam team expects to take approximately one dozen compositional measurements of rocks per day.[120]

Using the same collection optics, the RMI provides context images of the LIBS analysis spots. The RMI resolves {{convert|1|mm|in|abbr=on}} objects at {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} distance, and has a field of view covering {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} at that distance.[108]

Navigation cameras (navcams)

{{Main article|Navcam}}

The rover has two pairs of black and white navigation cameras mounted on the mast to support ground navigation.[122][123] The cameras have a 45° angle of view and use visible light to capture stereoscopic 3-D imagery.[123][125]

Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS)

{{Main article|Rover Environmental Monitoring Station}}

REMS comprises instruments to measure the Mars environment: humidity, pressure, temperatures, wind speeds, and ultraviolet radiation.[126] It is a meteorological package that includes an ultraviolet sensor provided by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. The investigative team is led by Javier Gómez-Elvira of the Spanish Astrobiology Center and includes the Finnish Meteorological Institute as a partner.[127][128] All sensors are located around three elements: two booms attached to the rover's mast, the Ultraviolet Sensor (UVS) assembly located on the rover top deck, and the Instrument Control Unit (ICU) inside the rover body. REMS provides new clues about the Martian general circulation, micro scale weather systems, local hydrological cycle, destructive potential of UV radiation, and subsurface habitability based on ground-atmosphere interaction.[127]

Hazard avoidance cameras (hazcams)

{{main article|Hazcam}}

The rover has four pairs of black and white navigation cameras called hazcams, two pairs in the front and two pairs in the back.[122][131] They are used for autonomous hazard avoidance during rover drives and for safe positioning of the robotic arm on rocks and soils.[131] Each camera in a pair is hardlinked to one of two identical main computers for redundancy; only four out of the eight cameras are in use at any one time. The cameras use visible light to capture stereoscopic three-dimensional (3-D) imagery.[131] The cameras have a 120° field of view and map the terrain at up to {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} in front of the rover.[131] This imagery safeguards against the rover crashing into unexpected obstacles, and works in tandem with software that allows the rover to make its own safety choices.[131]

Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)

{{Multiple image |direction=horizontal |align=right |total_width=350
| image1=PIA16161-Mars Curiosity Rover-MAHLI.jpg |caption1=Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)
| image2=PIA16160-Mars Curiosity Rover-APXS.jpg |caption2=Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)
}}{{Main article|Mars Hand Lens Imager}}

MAHLI is a camera on the rover's robotic arm, and acquires microscopic images of rock and soil. MAHLI can take true-color images at 1600×1200 pixels with a resolution as high as 14.5 micrometers per pixel. MAHLI has an {{convert|18.3|to|21.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} focal length and a 33.8–38.5° field of view.[94] MAHLI has both white and ultraviolet LED illumination for imaging in darkness or fluorescence imaging. MAHLI also has mechanical focusing in a range from infinite to millimetre distances.[94] This system can make some images with focus stacking processing.[138] MAHLI can store either the raw images or do real time lossless predictive or JPEG compression. The calibration target for MAHLI includes color references, a metric bar graphic, a 1909 VDB Lincoln penny, and a stairstep pattern for depth calibration.[139]

Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)

{{See also|Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer}}

The APXS instrument irradiates samples with alpha particles and maps the spectra of X-rays that are re-emitted for determining the elemental composition of samples.[140] Curiosity{{'s}} APXS was developed by the Canadian Space Agency.[140] MacDonald Dettwiler (MDA), the Canadian aerospace company that built the Canadarm and RADARSAT, were responsible for the engineering design and building of the APXS. The APXS science team includes members from the University of Guelph, the University of New Brunswick, the University of Western Ontario, NASA, the University of California, San Diego and Cornell University.[142] The APXS instrument takes advantage of particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and X-ray fluorescence, previously exploited by the Mars Pathfinder and the two Mars Exploration Rovers.[140][144]

Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin)

{{Multiple image
|direction=horizontal |align=left |total_width=350
|image1=PIA16161-Mars Curiosity Rover-CheMin-Closed.jpg
|image2=PIA16161-Mars Curiosity Rover-CheMin-Open.jpg
|footer=Curiosity{{'s}} CheMin Spectrometer on Mars (September 11, 2012), with sample inlet seen closed and open.
}}{{Main article|CheMin}}CheMin is the Chemistry and Mineralogy X-ray powder diffraction and fluorescence instrument.[146] CheMin is one of four spectrometers. It can identify and quantify the abundance of the minerals on Mars. It was developed by David Blake at NASA Ames Research Center and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,[147] and won the 2013 NASA Government Invention of the year award.[148] The rover can drill samples from rocks and the resulting fine powder is poured into the instrument via a sample inlet tube on the top of the vehicle. A beam of X-rays is then directed at the powder and the crystal structure of the minerals deflects it at characteristic angles, allowing scientists to identify the minerals being analyzed.[149]

On October 17, 2012, at "Rocknest", the first X-ray diffraction analysis of Martian soil was performed. The results revealed the presence of several minerals, including feldspar, pyroxenes and olivine, and suggested that the Martian soil in the sample was similar to the "weathered basaltic soils" of Hawaiian volcanoes.[145] The paragonetic tephra from a Hawaiian cinder cone has been mined to create Martian regolith simulant for researchers to use since 1998.[151][152]

Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM)

{{Multiple image
|direction=horizontal |align=left |total_width=350
|image1=PIA16711-MarsCuriosityRover-SayunyeiRock-20130122wh.jpg
|image2=PIA16712-MarsCuriosityRover-SayuneiRock-20130122uv.jpg
|footer=First night-time pictures on Mars (white-light left/UV right) (Curiosity viewing Sayunei rock, January 22, 2013)
}}{{Main article|Sample Analysis at Mars}}

The SAM instrument suite analyzes organics and gases from both atmospheric and solid samples. It consists of instruments developed by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, the Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA) (jointly operated by France's CNRS and Parisian universities), and Honeybee Robotics, along with many additional external partners.[90][154][155] The three main instruments are a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS), a gas chromatograph (GC) and a tunable laser spectrometer (TLS). These instruments perform precision measurements of oxygen and carbon isotope ratios in carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in the atmosphere of Mars in order to distinguish between their geochemical or biological origin.[90][155][158][159][160]

Dust Removal Tool (DRT)

{{Multiple image
|direction=horizontal |align=right |total_width=350
|image1=PIA16619-MarsCuriosityRover-Ekwir1-CleanDRT-20130106.gif
|image2=MarsCuriosityRover-DustRemovalTool-Before-PIA16566.jpg
|footer=First use of Curiosity{{'s}} Dust Removal Tool (DRT) (January 6, 2013); Ekwir_1 rock before/after cleaning (left) and closeup (right)
}}

The Dust Removal Tool (DRT) is a motorized, wire-bristle brush on the turret at the end of Curiosity{{'s}} arm. The DRT was first used on a rock target named Ekwir_1 on January 6, 2013. Honeybee Robotics built the DRT.[161]

Radiation assessment detector (RAD)

{{Main article|Radiation assessment detector}}

The role of the RAD instrument is to characterize the broad spectrum of radiation environment found inside the spacecraft during the cruise phase and while on Mars. These measurements have never been done before from the inside of a spacecraft in interplanetary space. Its primary purpose is to determine the viability and shielding needs for potential human explorers, as well as to characterize the radiation environment on the surface of Mars, which it started doing immediately after MSL landed in August 2012.[162] Funded by the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters and Germany's Space Agency (DLR), RAD was developed by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) and the extraterrestrial physics group at Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany.[162][164]

Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)

{{main article|Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons}}

The DAN instrument employs a neutron source and detector for measuring hydrogen or ice and water at or near the Martian surface.[165] It was provided by the Russian Federal Space Agency,[166][167] and funded by Russia.[168]

{{clear left}}

Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)

MARDI was fixed to the lower front left corner of the body of Curiosity. During the descent to the Martian surface, MARDI took color images at 1600×1200 pixels with a 1.3-millisecond exposure time starting at distances of about {{convert|3.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} to near {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} from the ground, at a rate of four frames per second for about two minutes.[95][170] MARDI has a pixel scale of {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} at {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} and has a 90° circular field of view. MARDI has eight gigabytes of internal buffer memory that is capable of storing over 4,000 raw images. MARDI imaging allowed the mapping of surrounding terrain and the location of landing.[95] JunoCam, built for the Juno spacecraft, is based on MARDI.[172]

Robotic arm

{{Multiple image
|direction=vertical |align=left |total_width=200
|image1=PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg
|image2=PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg
|footer=First use of Curiosity{{'s}} scooper as it sifts a load of sand at Rocknest (October 7, 2012)
}}

The rover has a {{convert|2.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} long robotic arm with a cross-shaped turret holding five devices that can spin through a 350° turning range.[174][175] The arm makes use of three joints to extend it forward and to stow it again while driving. It has a mass of {{convert|30|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and its diameter, including the tools mounted on it, is about {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}}.[176] It was designed, built, and tested by MDA US Systems, building upon their prior robotic arm work on the Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander, the Phoenix lander, and the two Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity.[14]

Two of the five devices are in-situ or contact instruments known as the X-ray spectrometer (APXS), and the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI camera). The remaining three are associated with sample acquisition and sample preparation functions: a percussion drill; a brush; and mechanisms for scooping, sieving, and portioning samples of powdered rock and soil.[174][176] The diameter of the hole in a rock after drilling is {{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on}} and up to {{convert|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} deep.[175][181] The drill carries two spare bits.[181][183] The rover's arm and turret system can place the APXS and MAHLI on their respective targets, and also obtain powdered sample from rock interiors, and deliver them to the SAM and CheMin analyzers inside the rover.[175]

Since early 2015 the percussive mechanism in the drill that helps chisel into rock has had an intermittent electrical short.[15] On December 1, 2016, the motor inside the drill caused a malfunction that prevented the rover from moving its robotic arm and driving to another location.[16] The fault was isolated to the drill feed brake,[17] and internal debris is suspected of causing the problem.[15] By December 9, driving and robotic arm operations were cleared to continue, but drilling remained suspended indefinitely.[18] The Curiosity team continued to perform diagnostics and testing on the drill mechanism throughout 2017,[19] and resumed drilling operations on May 22, 2018.[20]

Comparisons to other Mars missions

Curiosity has an advanced payload of scientific equipment on Mars.[78] It is the fourth NASA robotic rover sent to Mars since 1996. Previous successful Mars rovers are Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission (1997), and Spirit (2004–2010) and Opportunity (2004–2019) rovers from the Mars Exploration Rover mission.

Curiosity is {{convert|2.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|2.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide by {{convert|2.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height,[31] larger than Mars Exploration Rovers, which are {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and have a mass of {{convert|174|kg|lb|abbr=on}} including {{convert|6.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of scientific instruments.[30][195][196] In comparison to Pancam on the Mars Exploration Rovers, the MastCam-34 has 1.25× higher spatial resolution and the MastCam-100 has 3.67× higher spatial resolution.[96]

The region the rover is set to explore has been compared to the Four Corners region of the North American west.[198]

Colin Pillinger, leader of the Beagle 2 project, reacted emotionally to the large number of technicians monitoring Curiosity{{'s}} descent, because Beagle 2 had only four people monitoring it.[199] The Beagle 2 team made a virtue out of necessity; it was known that there was no chance of obtaining funds in Europe, at that time, of the scale previously considered necessary for a Mars rover, so the team used innovative methods to reduce the cost to less than 4% of the cost of the Curiosity mission. They also had only one shot, with no funding for repeat missions (it was named Beagle 2 as a successor to {{HMS|Beagle}}, not to an earlier rover).[199] It was considered a large risk, and although Beagle 2 did successfully survive its entry, descent, and landing, incomplete deployment of the solar panels hampered communication back to Earth.[21] The team has proposed that a future launch might take multiple low-cost Beagle-type landers, with a realistic expectation that the vast majority would be successful, allowing exploration of several locations on Mars and possibly asteroids, all for considerably less cost than a single "normal" rover expedition.[202]{{See also|Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers}}{{clear}}

The name: Curiosity

A NASA panel selected the name Curiosity following a nationwide student contest that attracted more than 9,000 proposals via the Internet and mail. A sixth-grade student from Kansas, twelve-year-old Clara Ma from Sunflower Elementary School in Lenexa, Kansas, submitted the winning entry. As her prize, Ma won a trip to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, where she signed her name directly onto the rover as it was being assembled.[22]

Ma wrote in her winning essay:

{{Quote|Curiosity is an everlasting flame that burns in everyone's mind. It makes me get out of bed in the morning and wonder what surprises life will throw at me that day. Curiosity is such a powerful force. Without it, we wouldn't be who we are today. Curiosity is the passion that drives us through our everyday lives. We have become explorers and scientists with our need to ask questions and to wonder.[22]}}

Landing

Landing site

{{Further information|Bradbury Landing}}Curiosity landed in Quad 51 (nicknamed Yellowknife) of Aeolis Palus in the crater Gale.[205][206][207][208] The landing site coordinates are: {{coord|4.5895|S|137.4417|E|globe:Mars}}.[10][11] The location has been named Bradbury Landing in honor of science fiction author Ray Bradbury.[9] Gale, an estimated 3.5 to 3.8 billion-year-old impact crater, is hypothesized to have first been gradually filled in by sediments; first water-deposited, and then wind-deposited, possibly until it was completely covered. Wind erosion then scoured out the sediments, leaving an isolated {{convert|5.5|km|mi|adj=mid|-high|sp=us}} mountain, Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp"), at the center of the {{convert|154|km|abbr=on}} wide crater. Thus, it is believed that the rover may have the opportunity to study two billion years of Martian history in the sediments exposed in the mountain. Additionally, its landing site is near an alluvial fan, which is hypothesized to be the result of a flow of ground water, either before the deposition of the eroded sediments or else in relatively recent geologic history.[212][213]

According to NASA, an estimated 20,000 to 40,000 heat-resistant bacterial spores were on Curiosity at launch, and as much as 1,000 times that number may not have been counted.[23]

{{wide image|PIA16056hl.jpg|1600px|align-cap=center|Curiosity and surrounding area as viewed by MRO/HiRISE. North is left. (August 14, 2012; enhanced colors)}}

Rover's role in the landing system

{{Main article|Mars Science Laboratory#Entry, descent and landing (EDL)|l1=Mars Science Laboratory–Landing}}

Previous NASA Mars rovers became active only after the successful entry, descent and landing on the Martian surface. Curiosity, on the other hand, was active when it touched down on the surface of Mars, employing the rover suspension system for the final set-down.[215]

Curiosity transformed from its stowed flight configuration to a landing configuration while the MSL spacecraft simultaneously lowered it beneath the spacecraft descent stage with a {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} tether from the "sky crane" system to a soft landing—wheels down—on the surface of Mars.[216][217][218][219] After the rover touched down it waited 2 seconds to confirm that it was on solid ground then fired several pyrotechnic fasteners activating cable cutters on the bridle to free itself from the spacecraft descent stage. The descent stage then flew away to a crash landing, and the rover prepared itself to begin the science portion of the mission.[220]

Coverage, cultural impact and legacy

Live video showing the first footage from the surface of Mars was available at NASA TV, during the late hours of August 6, 2012 PDT, including interviews with the mission team. The NASA website momentarily became unavailable from the overwhelming number of people visiting it,[222] and a 13-minute NASA excerpt of the landings on its YouTube channel was halted an hour after the landing by an automated DMCA takedown notice from Scripps Local News, which prevented access for several hours.[223] Around 1,000 people gathered in New York City's Times Square, to watch NASA's live broadcast of Curiosity{{'s}} landing, as footage was being shown on the giant screen.[224] Bobak Ferdowsi, Flight Director for the landing, became an Internet meme and attained Twitter celebrity status, with 45,000 new followers subscribing to his Twitter account, due to his Mohawk hairstyle with yellow stars that he wore during the televised broadcast.[225][226]

On August 13, 2012, U.S. President Barack Obama, calling from aboard Air Force One to congratulate the Curiosity team, said, "You guys are examples of American know-how and ingenuity. It's really an amazing accomplishment."[221] (Video (07:20))

{{Multiple image
|direction=horizontal |align=left |total_width=350
|image1=PIA15882-Mars Curiosity Rover-USA-Flag.jpg |caption1=U.S. flag on Mars
|image2=PIA15883-Mars Curiosity Rover-President Obama Signature on Plaque.jpg |caption2=Plaque of President Obama and Vice President Joe Biden's signatures on Mars
}}

Scientists at the Getty Conservation Institute in Los Angeles, California, viewed the CheMin instrument aboard Curiosity as a potentially valuable means to examine ancient works of art without damaging them. Until recently, only a few instruments were available to determine the composition without cutting out physical samples large enough to potentially damage the artifacts. CheMin directs a beam of X-rays at particles as small as {{convert|400|µm|sp=us}}[228] and reads the radiation scattered back to determine the composition of the artifact in minutes. Engineers created a smaller, portable version named the X-Duetto. Fitting into a few briefcase-sized boxes, it can examine objects on site, while preserving their physical integrity. It is now being used by Getty scientists to analyze a large collection of museum antiques and the Roman ruins of Herculaneum, Italy.[229]

Prior to the landing, NASA and Microsoft released Mars Rover Landing, a free downloadable game on Xbox Live that uses Kinect to capture body motions, which allows users to simulate the landing sequence.[230]

NASA gave the general public the opportunity from 2009 until 2011 to submit their names to be sent to Mars. More than 1.2 million people from the international community participated, and their names were etched into silicon using an electron-beam machine used for fabricating micro devices at JPL, and this plaque is now installed on the deck of Curiosity.[231] In keeping with a 40-year tradition, a plaque with the signatures of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden was also installed. Elsewhere on the rover is the autograph of Clara Ma, the 12-year-old girl from Kansas who gave Curiosity its name in an essay contest, writing in part that "curiosity is the passion that drives us through our everyday lives."[232]

On August 6, 2013, Curiosity audibly played "Happy Birthday to You" in honor of the one Earth year mark of its Martian landing, the first time for a song to be played on another planet. This was also the first time music was transmitted between two planets.[233]

On June 24, 2014, Curiosity completed a Martian year—687 Earth days—after finding that Mars once had environmental conditions favorable for microbial life.[234] Curiosity serves as the basis for the design of the Mars 2020 rover mission that is planned to be launched to Mars in 2020. Some spare parts from the build and ground test of Curiosity are being used in the new vehicle, but it will carry a different instrument payload.[235]

On August 5, 2017, NASA celebrated the fifth anniversary of the Curiosity rover mission landing, and related exploratory accomplishments, on the planet Mars.[2][3] (Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxvODcuFb1s Curiosity{{'s}} First Five Years (02:07)]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0nPFaBU98k Curiosity{{'s}} POV: Five Years Driving (05:49)]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-uAz82sH-E Curiosity{{'s}} Discoveries About Gale Crater (02:54)])

As reported in 2018, drill samples taken in 2015 uncovered organic molecules of benzene and propane in 3 billion year old rock samples in Gale.[24][25][26]

{{further information|Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory#Current status}}

Awards

The NASA/JPL Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity Project Team was awarded the 2012 Robert J. Collier Trophy by the National Aeronautic Association "In recognition of the extraordinary achievements of successfully landing Curiosity on Mars, advancing the nation's technological and engineering capabilities, and significantly improving humanity's understanding of ancient Martian habitable environments."[241]

Images

{{Multiple image |align=center
|image1=The Descent of the Curiosity Rover HD.ogv |width1=300 |caption1=Descent of Curiosity (video-02:26; August 6, 2012)
|image2=Curiosity Rover.stl |width2=290 |caption2=Interactive 3D model of the rover (with extended arm)
}}

Components of Curiosity

Orbital images

Rover images

Self-portraits

{{multiple image |align=center |total_width=800 |header=Curiosity rover on Mars — self-portraits
|width1=5247 |height1=7295 |image1=PIA16239 High-Resolution Self-Portrait by Curiosity Rover Arm Camera.jpg |caption1=Curiosity at "Rocknest" on
Aeolis Palus
(October 2012)
|width2=5831 |height2=8109 |image2=PIA16937-MarsCuriosityRover-SelfPortraitAtJohnKlein-20130510.jpg |caption2=Curiosity at
"John Klein" on
Aeolis Palus
(May 2013)
|width3=4576 |height3=6669 |image3=PIA18390-MarsCuriosityRover-SelfPortraitAtWindjana-20140512.jpg |caption3=Curiosity at "Windjana" on
Aeolis Palus
(May 2014)
|width4=1988 |height4=2765 |image4=PIA19142-MarsCuriosityRover-SelfPortrait-Mojave-20150131.jpg |caption4=Curiosity at
"Mojave" on
Aeolis Mons
(January 2015)
|width5=818 |height5=810 |image5=PIA19808-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-BuckskinRock-20150805.jpg |caption5=Curiosity at
"Buckskin" on
Aeolis Mons
(August 2015)
|width6=5082 |height6=8260 |image6=PIA19920-MarsCuriosityRover-SelfPortrait-Sol1126-20151006-crop.jpg |caption6=Curiosity at
"Big Sky" on Aeolis Mons
(October 2015)
|width7=3032 |height7=4216 |image7=PIA20316-MarsCuriosityRover-SelfPortrait-SandDune-20160119.jpg |caption7=Curiosity at
"Namib" on
Aeolis Mons
(January 2016) |width8=1673 |height8=2121 |image8=PIA20844-MarsCuriosityRover-SelfPortrait-Sol1466-20160920.jpg |caption8=Curiosity at
"MurrayB" on
Aeolis Mons
(September 2016)
}}

Wide images

{{wide image |First 360 color panorama from the Curosity rover.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Curiosity{{'s}} first 360° color panorama image (August 8, 2012)[242][245]}}{{wide image |PIA16768-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-20120920.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Curiosity{{'s}} view of Mount Sharp (September 20, 2012; raw color version)}}{{wide image |PIA16918-MarsCuriosityRover-RockNest-HiRezWB-20121116.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Curiosity{{'s}} view of the Rocknest area. South is at center, north is at both ends. Mount Sharp dominates the horizon, while Glenelg is left-of-center and rover tracks are right-of-center (November 16, 2012; white balanced; raw color version; high-res panoramic).}}{{wide image |PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Curiosity{{'s}} view from Rocknest looking east toward Point Lake (center) on the way to Glenelg (November 26, 2012; white balanced; raw color version)}}{{wide image|PIA19912-MarsCuriosityRover-MountSharp-20151002.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Curiosity{{'s}} view of "Mount Sharp" (September 9, 2015)}}{{wide image |Martian-Sunset-O-de-Goursac-Curiosity-2013.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Curiosity{{'s}} view of Mars sky at sunset (February 2013; Sun simulated by artist)}}

See also

{{colbegin}}
  • Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory
  • Adam Steltzner
  • Anita Sengupta
  • Astrobiology
  • Autonomous robot
  • Experience Curiosity
  • Exploration of Mars
  • InSight lander, 2018
  • John Grotzinger
  • Life on Mars
  • List of missions to Mars
  • Mars Express
  • Mars Odyssey orbiter
  • Mars Orbiter Mission
  • Mars Pathfinder (Sojourner rover)
  • Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
  • Mars 2020 rover
  • Opportunity rover
  • Rosalind Franklin rover
  • Spirit rover
  • Dawn Sumner
  • Viking program
{{Portal|Astrobiology|Mars|Robotics|Spaceflight}}{{Wikipedia books|Mars Science Laboratory}}{{colend}}

References

1. ^{{cite journal |url=http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/ |title=Where is Curiosity? |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=170 |issue=1–4 |pages=401 |accessdate=October 4, 2018|last1=Mahaffy |first1=Paul R. |last2=Webster |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Cabane |first3=Michel |last4=Conrad |first4=Pamela G. |last5=Coll |first5=Patrice |last6=Atreya |first6=Sushil K. |last7=Arvey |first7=Robert |last8=Barciniak |first8=Michael |last9=Benna |first9=Mehdi |last10=Bleacher |first10=Lora |last11=Brinckerhoff |first11=William B. |last12=Eigenbrode |first12=Jennifer L. |last13=Carignan |first13=Daniel |last14=Cascia |first14=Mark |last15=Chalmers |first15=Robert A. |last16=Dworkin |first16=Jason P. |last17=Errigo |first17=Therese |last18=Everson |first18=Paula |last19=Franz |first19=Heather |last20=Farley |first20=Rodger |last21=Feng |first21=Steven |last22=Frazier |first22=Gregory |last23=Freissinet |first23=Caroline |last24=Glavin |first24=Daniel P. |last25=Harpold |first25=Daniel N. |last26=Hawk |first26=Douglas |last27=Holmes |first27=Vincent |last28=Johnson |first28=Christopher S. |last29=Jones |first29=Andrea |last30=Jordan |first30=Patrick |displayauthors=29 |year=2012 }}
2. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Cantillo |first2=Laurie |last3=Brown |first3=Dwayne |title=Five Years Ago and 154 Million Miles Away: Touchdown! |url=https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2017/five-years-ago-and-154-million-miles-away-touchdown |date=August 2, 2017 |work=NASA |accessdate=August 8, 2017}}
3. ^1 {{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=After 5 Years on Mars, NASA's Curiosity Rover Is Still Making Big Discoveries |url=https://www.space.com/37722-mars-rover-curiosity-five-years-anniversary.html |date=August 5, 2017 |work=Space.com |accessdate=August 8, 2017}}
4. ^{{cite conference |url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/38246/1/04-0191.pdf |title=Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) Program Overview |conference=2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference. March 6–13, 2004. Big Sky, Montana. |first1=Fred |last1=Ritz |first2=Craig E. |last2=Peterson |date=2004 |doi=10.1109/AERO.2004.1368101 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216101915/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/38246/1/04-0191.pdf |archivedate=December 16, 2011}}
5. ^{{cite book |chapterurl=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120000731.pdf |chapter=U.S. Space Radioisotope Power Systems and Applications: Past, Present and Future |title=Radioisotopes: Applications in Physical Sciences |publisher=InTech |first1=Robert L. |last1=Cataldo |first2=Gary L. |last2=Bennett |editor-first=Nirmal |editor-last=Singh |date=October 21, 2011 |doi=10.5772/23914 |isbn=978-953-307-510-5}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www4vip.inl.gov/research/mars-science-laboratory/d/mars-science-laboratory.pdf |title=Fueling the Mars Science Laboratory |publisher=Idaho National Laboratory |first=Joseph |last=Campbell |date=2011 |access-date=February 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111419/http://www4vip.inl.gov/research/mars-science-laboratory/d/mars-science-laboratory.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
7. ^NASA Mars exploration efforts turn to operating existing missions and planning sample return. Jeff Foust, Space News. 23 February 2018.
8. ^{{cite web |title=Vandi Verma |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vandi_Verma |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=7 February 2019}}
9. ^{{cite web |title=Dr. Vandi Verma Group Supervisor |url=https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Vandi_Verma/personFull.cfm |website=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |publisher=CIT |accessdate=8 February 2019}}
10. ^{{cite web |last1=Estlin |first1=Tara |last2=Jonsson |first2=Ari |last3=Pasareanu |first3=Carina |last4=Simmons |first4=Reid |last5=Tso |first5=Kam |last6=Verma |first6=Vandi |title=Plan Execution Interchange Language (PLEXIL) |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060019246.pdf |website=NASA Technical Reports Server |accessdate=8 February 2019}}
11. ^{{cite web |title=Bibliography of PLEXIL-related publications, organized by category. |url=http://plexil.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/References |website=Plexil souceforge |accessdate=8 February 2019}}
12. ^{{cite web |title=Main page: NASA applications |url=http://plexil.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page#NASA_Applications |website=PLEXIL sourceforge |accessdate=8 February 2019}}
13. ^{{cite conference |url=http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/IPM/PDF/1151.pdf |title=Mastcam-Z: A Geologic, Stereoscopic, and Multispectral Investigation on the NASA Mars-2020 Rover |conference=International Workshop on Instrumentation for Planetary Missions. November 4–7, 2014. Greenbelt, Maryland. |first1=J. F. |last1=Bell III |first2=J. N. |last2=Maki |first3=G. L. |last3=Mehall |first4=M. A. |last4=Ravine |first5=M. A. |last5=Caplinger |date=2014}}
14. ^{{cite paper |url=http://www.mdacorp-us.com/Robotics%20Papers/rbilling%20%28final%20copy%20sent%20to%20ESMATS%29.pdf |title=Mars Science Laboratory Robotic Arm |publisher=MDA US Systems |first1=Rius |last1=Billing |first2=Richard |last2=Fleischner |accessdate=January 22, 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006040739/http://www.mdacorp-us.com/Robotics%20Papers/rbilling%20%28final%20copy%20sent%20to%20ESMATS%29.pdf |archivedate=October 6, 2016}}
15. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/12/29/internal-debris-may-be-causing-problem-with-mars-rovers-drill/ |title=Internal debris may be causing problem with Mars rover's drill |work=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=December 29, 2016 |accessdate=January 22, 2017}}
16. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a24288/nasa-curiosity-arm-drill-stuck/ |title=NASA Is Trying to Get Mars Rover Curiosity's Arm Unstuck |work=Popular Mechanics |agency=Associated Press |date=December 13, 2016 |accessdate=January 18, 2017}}
17. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.space.com/35034-mars-rover-curiosity-drill-problem.html |title=Drill Issue Continues to Afflict Mars Rover Curiosity |work=Space.com |first=Mike |last=Wall |date=December 15, 2016 |accessdate=February 10, 2018}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/mars-rover-curiosity-mission-updates/?mu=sols-1545-1547-moving-again |title=Sols 1545-1547: Moving again! |series=NASA Mars Rover Curiosity: Mission Updates |publisher=NASA |date=December 9, 2016}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2017/0906-curiosity-balky-drill-problem.html |title=Curiosity's balky drill: The problem and solutions |publisher=The Planetary Society |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |date=September 6, 2017 |accessdate=February 10, 2018}}
20. ^[https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/curiosity-rover-in-the-drilling-business-once-again/ Curiosity Rover is Drilling Again.] David Dickinon, Sky and Telescope. 4 June 2018.
21. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jan/16/lost-beagle-2-spacecraft-found-mars |title=Beagle 2 spacecraft found intact on surface of Mars after 11 years |work=The Guardian |first=Stuart |last=Clark |date=January 17, 2015 |accessdate=January 18, 2015}}
22. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/msl-20090527.html |title=NASA Selects Student's Entry as New Mars Rover Name |publisher=NASA{{\\}}Jet Propulsion Laboratory |first1=Dwayne C. |last1=Brown |first2=Alan |last2=Buis |first3=Carolina |last3=Martinez |date=May 27, 2009 |accessdate=January 2, 2017}}{{PD-notice}}
23. ^{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Mars Is Pretty Clean. Her Job at NASA Is to Keep It That Way. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/06/science/mars-catharine-conley-nasa-planetary-protection-officer.html |date=October 5, 2015 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=October 6, 2015}}
24. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/07/science/mars-nasa-life.html |title=Life on Mars? Rover’s Latest Discovery Puts It ‘On the Table’ |work=The New York Times |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=June 7, 2018 |accessdate=June 8, 2018 |quote=The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present.}}
25. ^{{cite journal |title=Organic molecules on Mars |journal=Science |last=ten Kate |first=Inge Loes |volume=360 |issue=6393 |pages=1068–1069 |date=June 8, 2018 |doi=10.1126/science.aat2662 |pmid=29880670 |bibcode=2018Sci...360.1068T}}
26. ^{{cite journal |title=Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars |journal=Science |first1=Jennifer L. |last1=Eigenbrode |first2=Roger E. |last2=Summons |first3=Andrew |last3=Steele |first4=Caroline |last4=Freissinet |first5=Maëva |last5=Millan |first6=Rafael |last6=Navarro-González |first7=Brad |last7=Sutter |first8=Amy C. |last8=McAdam |first9=Heather B. |last9=Franz |first10=Daniel P. |last10=Glavin |first11=Paul D. |last11=Archer |first12=Paul R. |last12=Mahaffy |first13=Pamela G. |last13=Conrad |first14=Joel A. |last14=Hurowitz |first15=John P. |last15=Grotzinger |first16=Sanjeev |last16=Gupta |first17=Doug W. |last17=Ming |first18=Dawn Y. |last18=Sumner |first19=Cyril |last19=Szopa |first20=Charles |last20=Malespin |first21=Arnaud |last21=Buch |first22=Patrice |last22=Coll |display-authors=1 |volume=360 |issue=6393 |pages=1096–1101 |date=June 8, 2018 |doi=10.1126/science.aas9185 |pmid=29880683 |bibcode=2018Sci...360.1096E}}
27. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/rover/ |title=Rover Fast Facts |website= |publisher=NASA |date=}}
28. ^1 2 {{cite web |last=Nelson |first=Jon |title=Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Rover |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl/ |work=NASA |accessdate=February 2, 2014}}
29. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html |title=Curiosity: NASA's Next Mars Rover |date=August 6, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
30. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1185 |title=NASA's Mars Science Laboratory Launch Rescheduled for Nov. 26 |first=Allard |last=Beutel |date=November 19, 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=November 21, 2011}}
31. ^1 {{cite web |last=Martin |first=Paul K. |title=NASA'S MANAGEMENT OF THE MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY PROJECT (IG-11-019) |url=http://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY11/IG-11-019.pdf |publisher=NASA Office of Inspector General |date=June 8, 2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
32. ^1 2 {{cite conference |url=https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/handle/2014/44069?show=full |title=2011 Mars Science Laboratory Trajectory Reconstruction and Performance from Launch Through Landing |conference=23rd AAS/AIAA Spaceflight Mechanics Meeting. February 10–14, 2013. Kauai, Hawaii. |first=Fernando |last=Abilleira |date=2013}}
33. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-19186237 |title=Nasa's Curiosity rover lifts its navigation cameras |work=BBC News |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |date=August 8, 2012 |accessdate=June 23, 2014}}
34. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne |last2=Cole |first2=Steve |last3=Webster |first3=Guy |last4=Agle |first4=D.C. |title=NASA Mars Rover Begins Driving at Bradbury Landing |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/aug/HQ_12-292_Mars_Bradbury_Landing.html |date=August 22, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=August 22, 2012}}
35. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Video from rover looks down on Mars during landing |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/48540619/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/video-rover-looks-down-mars-during-landing/ |date=August 6, 2012 |publisher=MSNBC |accessdate=October 7, 2012}}
36. ^1 2 {{cite web |last=Young |first=Monica |title=Watch Curiosity Descend onto Mars |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/watch-curiosity-descend-onto-mars/ |date=August 7, 2012 |publisher=SkyandTelescope.com |accessdate=October 7, 2012}}
37. ^1 {{cite web |title=MSL Sol 3 Update |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6f8HHQ2U2jg |publisher=NASA Television |date=August 8, 2012 |accessdate=August 9, 2012}}
38. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Impressive' Curiosity landing only 1.5 miles off, NASA says |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/10/us/mars-curiosity/index.html?eref=mrss_igoogle_cnn |work=CNN |accessdate=August 10, 2012}}
39. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/science/objectives/ |title=Overview |publisher=JPL, NASA |accessdate=August 16, 2012}}
40. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/science/goals/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory: Mission Science Goals |work=NASA.gov |date=August 2012 |accessdate=August 21, 2012}}
41. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Curiositys-mission-extended-indefinitely/tabid/1160/articleID/279395/Default.aspx |work=3 News NZ |title=Curiosity's mission extended indefinitely |date=December 6, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406061101/http://www.3news.co.nz/Curiositys-mission-extended-indefinitely/tabid/1160/articleID/279395/Default.aspx |archive-date=April 6, 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
42. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/science/objectives/ |website= |publisher=NASA |title=MSL Objectives |date=}}
43. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/curiosity-stuntdouble.html |title=Curiosity, The Stunt Double |work=NASA.gov |first=Tony |last=Phillips |date=February 24, 2012 |accessdate=January 26, 2014}}
44. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Habitability, Taphonomy, and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars |journal=Science |first=John P. |last=Grotzinger |volume=343 |issue=6169 |pages=386–387 |date=January 24, 2014 |doi=10.1126/science.1249944 |bibcode=2014Sci...343..386G |pmid=24458635}}
45. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Troubles parallel ambitions in NASA Mars project |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2008-04-13-mars_N.htm |date=April 14, 2008 |first=Traci |last=Watson |accessdate=May 27, 2009}}
46. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/5719-msl-09-at-a-glance.php |title=MSL at a glance - CNES |publisher=Cnes.fr |accessdate=August 7, 2012}}
47. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/files/mep/MMRTG_FactSheet_update_10-2-13.pdf |title=Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) |publisher=NASA/JPL |date=October 2013 |accessdate=December 26, 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226100335/https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/files/mep/MMRTG_FactSheet_update_10-2-13.pdf |archivedate=February 26, 2015}}
48. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fact_sheets/mars-power-heating.pdf |title=Mars Exploration: Radioisotope Power and Heating for Mars Surface Exploration |publisher=NASA/JPL |date=April 18, 2006 |accessdate=September 7, 2009}}
49. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av028/111117mmrtg/ |title=Nuclear power generator hooked up to Mars rover |work=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=November 17, 2011 |accessdate=November 11, 2013}}
50. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/technology/tech_power.html |title=Technologies of Broad Benefit: Power |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614071650/http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/technology/tech_power.html |archivedate=June 14, 2008 |accessdate=September 20, 2008}}
51. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/technology/technologiesofbroadbenefit/power/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory – Technologies of Broad Benefit: Power |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=April 23, 2011}}
52. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/CDReadyMIECEC06_1309/PV2006_4187.pdf |title=Overview of NASA Program on Development of Radioisotope Power Systems with High Specific Power |first=Ajay K. |last=Misra |date=June 26, 2006 |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=May 12, 2009}}
53. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite book |url=http://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Descanso14_MSL_Telecom.pdf |title=Mars Science Laboratory Telecommunications System Design |series=DESCANSO Design and Performance Summary Series |volume=14 |publisher=NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory |first1=Andre |last1=Makovsky |first2=Peter |last2=Ilott |first3=Jim |last3=Taylor |date=November 2009}}
54. ^1 2 {{cite web |first=Susan |last=Watanabe |url=http://www1.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/images/20081209_msl.html |title=Keeping it Cool (...or Warm!) |date=August 9, 2009 |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=January 19, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224175812/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/images/20081209_msl.html |archivedate=December 24, 2010}}
55. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/rover/brains/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory: Mission: Rover: Brains |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=March 27, 2009}}
56. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Bajracharya |first=Max |first2=Mark W. |last2=Maimone |first3=Daniel |last3=Helmick |title=Autonomy for Mars rovers: past, present, and future |journal=Computer |volume=41 |issue=12 |page=45 |doi=10.1109/MC.2008.515 |date=December 2008 |issn=0018-9162}}
57. ^1 {{cite press release |url=http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_108517143749.html |title=BAE Systems Computers to Manage Data Processing and Command For Upcoming Satellite Missions |date=June 17, 2008 |publisher=BAE Systems |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906233128/http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_108517143749.html |archivedate=September 6, 2008 |accessdate=November 17, 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
58. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_eis_2008-08-1.pdf |title=E&ISNow — Media gets closer look at Manassas |date=August 1, 2008 |publisher=BAE Systems |accessdate=November 17, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217034527/http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_eis_2008-08-1.pdf |archivedate=December 17, 2008}}
59. ^1 {{cite news |title=RAD750 radiation-hardened PowerPC microprocessor |publisher=BAE Systems |url=http://www.baesystems.com/download/BAES_052281/Space-Products--RAD750-component |format=PDF |date=July 1, 2008 |accessdate=September 7, 2009}}
60. ^1 {{cite news |title=RAD6000 Space Computers |publisher=BAE Systems |url=http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_eis_sfrwre.pdf |format=PDF |date=June 23, 2008 |accessdate=September 7, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004130528/http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_eis_sfrwre.pdf |archivedate=October 4, 2009}}
61. ^1 {{cite web |last=Webster |first=Guy |title=Curiosity Rover's Recovery on Track |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20130304.html |date=March 4, 2013 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=March 5, 2013}}
62. ^1 {{cite web |last=Webster |first=Guy |title=Curiosity Resumes Science Investigations |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20130325.html |date=March 25, 2013 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=March 27, 2013}}
63. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=mars+earth+distance+ |title=Mars-Earth distance in light minutes |publisher=WolframAlpha |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
64. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/communicationwithearth/data/ |title=Curiosity's data communication with Earth |publisher=NASA |accessdate=August 7, 2012}}
65. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.aiaa.org/SecondaryTwoColumn.aspx?id=13350 |title=NASA's Curiosity Rover Maximizes Data Sent to Earth by Using International Space Data Communication Standards |last= |first= |website= |publisher= |date=}}
66. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2505612/computer-processors/nasa--your-smartphone-is-as-smart-as-the-curiosity-rover.html |title=NASA: Your smartphone is as smart as the Curiosity rover |work=Computerworld |first=Sharon |last=Gaudin |date=August 8, 2012 |accessdate=June 17, 2018}}
67. ^1 {{cite news |title=ESA spacecraft records crucial NASA signals from Mars |date=August 7, 2012 |url=http://www.marsdaily.com/reports/ESA_spacecraft_records_crucial_NASA_signals_from_Mars_999.html |work=Mars Daily |accessdate=August 8, 2012}}
68. ^1 {{cite web |title=Next Mars Rover Sports a Set of New Wheels |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/msl20100701.html |publisher=NASA/JPL}}
69. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/building_curiosity.html |title=Watch NASA's Next Mars Rover Being Built Via Live 'Curiosity Cam' |date=September 13, 2011 |work=NASA |accessdate=August 16, 2012}}
70. ^1 {{cite web |title=New Mars Rover to Feature Morse Code |url=http://www.arrl.org/news/new-mars-rover-to-feature-morse-code |publisher=National Association for Amateur Radio}}
71. ^1 {{cite news |first=Jeffrey |last=Marlow |title=Looking Toward the Open Road |date=August 29, 2012 |publisher=NASA |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/blogs/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowBlogs&BlogsID=249 |work=JPL - Martian Diaries |accessdate=August 30, 2012}}
72. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Lakdawalla |first1=Emily |title=Curiosity wheel damage: The problem and solutions |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/08190630-curiosity-wheel-damage.html |website=The Planetary Society Blogs |publisher=The Planetary Society |date=August 19, 2014 |accessdate=August 22, 2014}}
73. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fact_sheets/mars-science-laboratory.pdf |title=Mars Science Laboratory - Facts |date=March 2012 |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA |accessdate=July 31, 2012}}
74. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/timeline/firstdrive/ |title=First drive |last= |first= |website= |publisher= |date=}}
75. ^1 {{cite news |first=Steve |last=Gorman |title=Curiosity beams Mars images back |date=August 8, 2011 |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/science/7437621/Curiosity-beams-Mars-images-back |work=Stuff - Science |accessdate=August 8, 2012}}
76. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/overview/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory |publisher=NASA |access-date=August 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730122143/http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/overview/ |archive-date=July 30, 2009 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
77. ^1 {{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |title=Gale Crater: Geological 'sweet shop' awaits Mars rover |date=August 3, 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19112800 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
78. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/SAM/ |title=MSL Science Corner: Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=September 9, 2009}}
79. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://ael.gsfc.nasa.gov/marsSAM.shtml |title=Overview of the SAM instrument suite |website= |publisher=NASA |deadurl=yes |archivedate=February 22, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222092231/http://ael.gsfc.nasa.gov/marsSAM.shtml}}
80. ^1 {{cite conference |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1214.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Mast Cameras and Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) for the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory |conference=Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI |first1=M. C. |last1=Malin |first2=J. F. |last2=Bell |first3=J. |last3=Cameron |first4=W. E. |last4=Dietrich |first5=K. S. |last5=Edgett |first6=B. |last6=Hallet |first7=K. E. |last7=Herkenhoff |first8=M. T. |last8=Lemmon |display-authors=5 |year=2005 |page=1214 |bibcode=2005LPI....36.1214M}}
81. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/Mastcam/ |title=Mast Camera (MastCam) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=March 18, 2009}}
82. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/MAHLI/ |title=Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=March 23, 2009}}
83. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/MARDI/ |title=Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=April 3, 2009}}
84. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.msss.com/msl/mastcam/MastCam_description.html |title=Mars Science Laboratory (MSL): Mast Camera (MastCam): Instrument Description |publisher=Malin Space Science Systems |accessdate=April 19, 2009}}
85. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=25991 |title=Mars Science Laboratory Instrumentation Announcement from Alan Stern and Jim Green, NASA Headquarters |publisher=SpaceRef.com |first1=Alan |last1=Stern |first2=Jim |last2=Green |date=November 8, 2007 |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
86. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/08/curiosity-mars-rover-cameras/ |title=The Photo-Geek’s Guide to Curiosity Rover’s 17 Cameras |work=Wired |first=Adam |last=Mann |date=August 7, 2012 |accessdate=January 16, 2015}}
87. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2012/08/curiosity-says-good-morning-from-mars-and-has-busy-days-ahead/ |title=Curiosity says good morning from Mars (and has busy days ahead) |work=Ars Technica |first=Dave |last=Klinger |date=August 7, 2012 |accessdate=January 16, 2015}}
88. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.msss.com/all_projects/msl-mastcam.php |title=Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mast Camera (MastCam) |publisher=Malin Space Science Systems |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
89. ^1 {{cite news |last=David |first=Leonard |title=NASA Nixes 3-D Camera for Next Mars Rover |url=http://www.space.com/11241-nasa-mars-rover-3d-camera-james-cameron.html |newspaper=Space.com |date=March 28, 2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
90. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/ChemCam/ |title=MSL Science Corner: Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=September 9, 2009}}
91. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Comparative study of different methodologies for quantitative rock analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in a simulated Martian atmosphere |last=Salle |first=B. |last2=Lacour |first2=J. L. |last3=Mauchien |first3=P. |last4=Fichet |first4=P. |last5=Maurice |first5=S. |last6=Manhes |first6=G. |display-authors=5 |journal=Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=301–313 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.sab.2006.02.003 |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1580.pdf |bibcode=2006AcSpe..61..301S}}
92. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Corrections and Clarifications, News of the Week |last=Wiens |first=R.C. |last2=Maurice |first2=S. |last3=Engel |first3=A |last4=Fabry |first4=V. J. |last5=Hutchins |first5=D. A. |last6=Reusch |first6=T. B. |last7=Schulz |first7=K. G. |last8=Morel |first8=F. M. |display-authors=5 |journal=Science |volume=322 |issue=5907 |page=1466 |year=2008 |doi=10.1126/science.322.5907.1466a |pmid=|pmc=1240923 }}
93. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://libs.lanl.gov/ChemCam_status.html |title=ChemCam Status |date=April 2008 |website= |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory}}
94. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/sc_instru_chemcam.html |title=Spacecraft: Surface Operations Configuration: Science Instruments: ChemCam |deadurl=yes |archivedate=October 2, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002094624/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/sc_instru_chemcam.html}}
95. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Curiosity-s-Laser-Reaches-100-000-Firings-on-Mars-406620.shtml |title=Curiosity's Laser Reaches 100,000 Firings on Mars |work=Softpedia |first=Tudor |last=Vieru |date=December 6, 2013 |accessdate=January 16, 2015}}
96. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1315 |title=Rover's Laser Instrument Zaps First Martian Rock. |year=2012 |accessdate=August 20, 2012}}
97. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Agle |first2=D.C. |title=Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity Mission Status Report |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-248 |date=August 19, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=September 3, 2012}}
98. ^1 {{cite web |title='Coronation' Rock on Mars |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/images/?ImageID=4492 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=September 3, 2012}}
99. ^1 {{cite news |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |title=Nasa's Curiosity rover prepares to zap Martian rocks |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19302886 |date=August 17, 2012 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=September 3, 2012}}
100. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=64&sousrubrique=224&soussousrubrique=0 |title=How Does ChemCam Work? |year=2011 |work=ChemCam Team |accessdate=August 20, 2012}}
101. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/interactives/photosynth/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory Rover in the JPL Mars Yard |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=May 10, 2009}}
102. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/rover/eyesandother/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory: Mission: Rover: Eyes and Other Senses: Two Engineering NavCams (Navigation Cameras) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=April 4, 2009}}
103. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2012/08080751-curiosity-first-navcam-pan-3d.html |title=First NavCam mosaic |last= |first= |website= |publisher= |date=}}
104. ^1 {{cite journal |url=http://www-mars.lmd.jussieu.fr/paris2011/abstracts/gomez-elvira_paris2011.pdf |title=Rover Environmental Monitoring Station for MSL mission |pages=473 |journal=4th International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modelling and Observations |date=February 2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2012|bibcode=2011mamo.conf..473G |last1=Gómez-Elvira |first1=J. |last2=Haberle |first2=B. |last3=Harri |first3=A. |last4=Martinez-Frias |first4=J. |last5=Renno |first5=N. |last6=Ramos |first6=M. |last7=Richardson |first7=M. |last8=de la Torre |first8=M. |last9=Alves |first9=J. |last10=Armiens |first10=C. |last11=Gómez |first11=F. |last12=Lepinette |first12=A. |last13=Mora |first13=L. |last14=Martín |first14=J. |last15=Martín-Torres |first15=J. |last16=Navarro |first16=S. |last17=Peinado |first17=V. |last18=Rodríguez-Manfredi |first18=J. A. |last19=Romeral |first19=J. |last20=Sebastián |first20=E. |last21=Torres |first21=J. |last22=Zorzano |first22=M. P. |last23=Urquí |first23=R. |last24=Moreno |first24=J. |last25=Serrano |first25=J. |last26=Castañer |first26=L. |last27=Jiménez |first27=V. |last28=Genzer |first28=M. |last29=Polko |first29=J. }}
105. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/REMS/ |title=MSL Science Corner: Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=September 9, 2009}}
106. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/pdfs/MSL_Fact_Sheet-20100916.pdf |title=Mars Science Laboratory Fact Sheet |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=June 20, 2011}}
107. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/rover/eyesandother/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory: Mission: Rover: Eyes and Other Senses: Four Engineering Hazcams (Hazard Avoidance Cameras) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=April 4, 2009}}
108. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/MAHLI/ |title=Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) |first=Kenneth S. |last=Edgett |publisher=NASA |accessdate=January 11, 2012}}
109. ^1 {{cite web |title=3D View of MAHLI Calibration Target |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/?ImageID=4664 |date=September 13, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=October 11, 2012}}
110. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/APXS/ |title=MSL Science Corner: Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=September 9, 2009}}
111. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/2364.pdf |title=40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |last= |first= |website= |publisher= |year=2009}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2010/pdf/2539.pdf |title=41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |last= |first= |website= |publisher= |year=2010}}
112. ^1 {{cite journal |title=The new Athena alpha particle X-ray spectrometer for the Mars Exploration Rovers |first=R. |last=Rieder |first2=R. |last2=Gellert |first3=J. |last3=Brückner |first4=G. |last4=Klingelhöfer |first5=G. |last5=Dreibus |first6=A. |last6=Yen |first7=S. W. |last7=Squyres |display-authors=5 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |year=2003 |volume=108 |issue=E12 |page=8066 |doi=10.1029/2003JE002150 |bibcode=2003JGRE..108.8066R}}
113. ^1 2 {{cite web |last=Brown |first=Dwayne |title=NASA Rover's First Soil Studies Help Fingerprint Martian Minerals |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/oct/HQ_12-383_Curiosity_CheMin.html |date=October 30, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}
114. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/spectrometers/chemin/ |title=MSL Chemistry & Mineralogy X-ray diffraction(CheMin) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=November 25, 2011}}
115. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Field deployment of a portable X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence instrument on Mars analog terrain |last=Sarrazin |first=P. |last2=Blake |first2=D. |last3=Feldman |first3=S. |last4=Chipera |first4=S. |last5=Vaniman |first5=D. |last6=Bish |first6=D. |display-authors=5 |journal=Powder Diffraction |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=128–133 |year=2005 |doi=10.1154/1.1913719 |bibcode=2005PDiff..20..128S}}
116. ^1 {{cite web |last=Hoover |first=Rachel |title=Ames Instrument Helps Identify the First Habitable Environment on Mars, Wins Invention Award |url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/ames-instrument-helps-identify-the-first-habitable-environment-on-mars-wins-invention-award |date=June 24, 2014 |work=NASA |accessdate=June 25, 2014}}
117. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/ess-306/MSL-PIP.pdf |title=Mars Science Laboratory Participating Scientists Program Proposal Information Package |publisher=NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory |first1=Robert C. |last1=Anderson |first2=Charles J. |last2=Baker |first3=Robert |last3=Barry |first4=David F. |last4=Blake |first5=Pamela |last5=Conrad |first6=Joy |last6=Crisp |first7=Kenneth S. |last7=Edgett |first8=Ralf |last8=Gellert |first9=John |last9=Gilbert |first10=Javier |last10=Gómez-Elvira |first11=Donald |last11=Hassler |first12=Maxim |last12=Litvak |first13=Paul |last13=Mahaffy |first14=Justin |last14=Maki |first15=Michael C. |last15=Malin |first16=Igor |last16=Mitrofanov |first17=Nicole |last17=Spanovich |first18=David |last18=Vaniman |first19=Ashwin |last19=Vasavada |first20=Richard V. |last20=Welch |first21=Roger C. |last21=Wiens |display-authors=5 |date=December 14, 2010 |accessdate=January 16, 2015}}
118. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Mojave Martian Simulant: A New Martian Soil Simulant |journal=Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |issue=1338 |pages=2005 |date=2007 |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/2005.pdf |first1=L. W. |last1=Beegle |first2=G. H. |last2=Peters |first3=G. S. |last3=Mungas |first4=G. H. |last4=Bearman |first5=J. A. |last5=Smith |first6=R. C. |last6=Anderson |display-authors=5 |accessdate=April 28, 2014|bibcode=2007LPI....38.2005B }}
119. ^1 {{cite book |title=JSC Mars-1: Martian regolith simulant |date=March 1997 |publisher=Lunar and Planetary Exploration XXVIII |last1=Allen |first1=C. C. |last2=Morris |first2=R. V. |last3=Lindstrom |first3=D. J. |last4=Lindstrom |first4=M. M. |last5=Lockwood |first5=J. P. |url=http://www.orbitec.com/store/JSC_Mars_1_Characterization.pdf |accessdate=April 28, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910011606/http://www.orbitec.com/store/JSC_Mars_1_Characterization.pdf |archivedate=September 10, 2014}}
120. ^1 {{cite journal |year=2004 |title=Did life exist on Mars? Search for organic and inorganic signatures, one of the goals for "SAM" (sample analysis at Mars) |url=http://fingerprintsoflife.pbworks.com/f/cabane2004.pdf |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=2240–2245 |bibcode=2004AdSpR..33.2240C |doi=10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00523-4 |last1=Cabane |first1=M. |last2=Coll |first2=P. |last3=Szopa |first3=C. |last4=Israël |first4=G. |last5=Raulin |first5=F. |last6=Sternberg |first6=R. |last7=Mahaffy |first7=P. |last8=Person |first8=A. |last9=Rodier |first9=C. |last10=Navarro-Gonzàlez |first10=R. |last11=Niemann |first11=H. |last12=Harpold |first12=D. |last13=Brinckerhoff |first13=W. |display-authors=5}}
121. ^1 2 {{cite web |date=October 2008 |url=http://ael.gsfc.nasa.gov/marsSAM.shtml |title=Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument Suite |publisher=NASA |accessdate=October 9, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007102918/http://ael.gsfc.nasa.gov/marsSAM.shtml |archivedate=October 7, 2008}}
122. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=2765&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 |title=Making Sense of Mars Methane |last=Tenenbaum |first=D. |date=June 9, 2008 |work=Astrobiology Magazine |accessdate=October 8, 2008}}
123. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Tarsitano |first1=C. G. |last2=Webster |first2=C. R. |year=2007 |title=Multilaser Herriott cell for planetary tunable laser spectrometers |journal=Applied Optics |volume=46 |issue=28 |pages=6923–6935 |bibcode=2007ApOpt..46.6923T |doi=10.1364/AO.46.006923 |pmid=17906720}}
124. ^1 {{cite journal |year=2012 |title=The Sample Analysis at Mars Investigation and Instrument Suite |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=170 |issue=1–4 |pages=401–478 |bibcode=2012SSRv..tmp...23M |doi=10.1007/s11214-012-9879-z |last1=Mahaffy |first1=Paul R. |last2=Webster |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Cabane |first3=Michel |last4=Conrad |first4=Pamela G. |last5=Coll |first5=Patrice |last6=Atreya |first6=Sushil K. |last7=Arvey |first7=Robert |last8=Barciniak |first8=Michael |last9=Benna |first9=Mehdi |last10=Bleacher |first10=Lora |last11=Brinckerhoff |first11=William B. |last12=Eigenbrode |first12=Jennifer L. |last13=Carignan |first13=Daniel |last14=Cascia |first14=Mark |last15=Chalmers |first15=Robert A. |last16=Dworkin |first16=Jason P. |last17=Errigo |first17=Therese |last18=Everson |first18=Paula |last19=Franz |first19=Heather |last20=Farley |first20=Rodger |last21=Feng |first21=Steven |last22=Frazier |first22=Gregory |last23=Freissinet |first23=Caroline |last24=Glavin |first24=Daniel P. |last25=Harpold |first25=Daniel N. |last26=Hawk |first26=Douglas |last27=Holmes |first27=Vincent |last28=Johnson |first28=Christopher S. |last29=Jones |first29=Andrea |last30=Jordan |first30=Patrick |display-authors=5}}
125. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/19167-curiosity-rover-dusts-mars-rock.html |title=NASA's Curiosity Rover Brushes Mars Rock Clean, a First |work=Space.com |first=Clara |last=Moskowitz |date=January 7, 2013 |accessdate=January 16, 2015}}
126. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hassler/rad/ |title=SwRI Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) Homepage |publisher=Southwest Research Institute |accessdate=January 19, 2011}}
127. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/images/?ImageID=4074 |website= |publisher=NASA |title=RAD |date=}}
128. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://l503.iki.rssi.ru/DAN-en.html |title=Laboratory for Space Gamma Spectroscopy - DAN |publisher=Laboratory for Space Gamma Spectroscopy |accessdate=September 20, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521050028/http://l503.iki.rssi.ru/DAN-en.html |archivedate=May 21, 2013}}
129. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/DAN/ |title=MSL Science Corner: Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=September 9, 2009}}
130. ^1 {{cite journal |title=The Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) Experiment for NASA's 2009 Mars Science Laboratory |journal=Astrobiology |first1=M. L. |last1=Litvak |first2=I. G. |last2=Mitrofanov |first3=Yu. N. |last3=Barmakov |first4=A. |last4=Behar |first5=A. |last5=Bitulev |first6=Yu. |last6=Bobrovnitsky |first7=E. P. |last7=Bogolubov |first8=W. V. |last8=Boynton |first9=S. I. |last9=Bragin |last10=Churin |first10=S. |last11=Grebennikov |first11=A. S. |last12=Konovalov |first12=A |last13=Kozyrev |first13=A. S. |last14=Kurdumov |first14=I. G. |last15=Krylov |first15=A |last16=Kuznetsov |first16=Y. P. |last17=Malakhov |first17=A. V. |last18=Mokrousov |first18=M. I. |last19=Ryzhkov |first19=V. I. |last20=Sanin |first20=A. B. |last21=Shvetsov |first21=V. N. |last22=Smirnov |first22=G. A. |last23=Sholeninov |first23=S |last24=Timoshenko |first24=G. N. |last25=Tomilina |first25=T. M. |last26=Tuvakin |first26=D. V. |last27=Tretyakov |first27=V. I. |last28=Troshin |first28=V. S. |last29=Uvarov |first29=V. N. |last30=Varenikov |first30=A. |display-authors=5 |volume=8 |issue=3 |year=2008 |pages=605–12 |pmid=18598140 |doi=10.1089/ast.2007.0157 |bibcode=2008AsBio...8..605L}}
131. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/radiationdetectors/dan/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory: Mission |publisher=NASA JPL |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
132. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.msss.com/msl/mardi/news/12Nov07/index.html |title=Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) Update |publisher=Malin Space Science Systems |date=November 12, 2007 |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
133. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.msss.com/all_projects/junocam.php |title=Junocam, Juno Jupiter Orbiter |publisher=Malin Space Science Systems |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
134. ^1 {{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Paul Scott |title=Curiosity 'hammers' a rock and completes first drilling tests |url=http://themeridianijournal.com/2013/02/curiosity-hammers-a-rock-and-completes-first-drilling-tests/ |date=February 3, 2013 |publisher=themeridianijournal.com |accessdate=February 3, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206162148/http://themeridianijournal.com/2013/02/curiosity-hammers-a-rock-and-completes-first-drilling-tests/ |archivedate=February 6, 2013}}
135. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/rover/arm/ |title=Curiosity Rover - Arm and Hand |accessdate=August 21, 2012 |work=JPL |publisher=NASA}}
136. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20100021927_2010023816.pdf |title=Mars Science Laboratory Sample Acquisition, Sample Processing and Handling: Subsystem Design and Test Challenges |first=Louise |last=Jandura |work=JPL |publisher=NASA |accessdate=August 21, 2012}}
137. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Curiosity Stretches its Arm |date=August 21, 2012 |publisher=NASA |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1317 |work=JPL |accessdate=August 21, 2012}}
138. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/ess-306/MSL-PIP.pdf |title=MSL Participating Scientists Program - Proposal Information Package |date=December 14, 2010 |publisher=Washington University |accessdate=August 21, 2012}}
139. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.esmats.eu/esmatspapers/pastpapers/pdfs/2011/billing.pdf |title=Mars Science Laboratory Robotic Arm |first1=Rius |last1=Billing |first2=Richard |last2=Fleischner |year=2011 |publisher=15th European Space Mechanisms and Tribology Symposium 2011 |accessdate=August 21, 2012}}
140. ^1 {{cite video |title=Mars Rovers: Pathfinder, MER (Spirit and Opportunity), and MSL |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7kBTZAGhbs |medium=video |location=Pasadena, California |date=April 12, 2008 |accessdate=September 22, 2011}}
141. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/newsroom/merlaunch.pdf |title=Mars Exploration Rover Launches |date=June 2003 |publisher=NASA |deadurl=no |archivedate=July 26, 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040726214103/http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/newsroom/merlaunch.pdf}}
142. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia16068.html |publisher=NASA |title=PIA16068 |last= |first= |website= |date=}}
143. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/4476431/Watching-Curiosity-on-Mars-makes-me-feel-like-athlete-who-didnt-win-a-medal.html |title=Watching Curiosity on Mars makes me feel like athlete who didn't win a medal |last= |first= |work=The Sun |date=August 8, 2012}}
144. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4217.pdf |title=How do you answer the life on Mars question? Use multiple small landers like Beagle 2 |work=Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration |first1=E. K. |last1=Gibson |first2=C. T. |last2=Pillinger |first3=I. P. |last3=Wright |first4=S. J. |last4=Hurst |first5=L. |last5=Richter |first6=M. R. |last6=Sims |display-authors=5 |year=2012}}
145. ^1 {{cite web |title=Curiosity's Quad - IMAGE |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/images/?ImageID=4408 |date=August 10, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=August 11, 2012}}
146. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Agle |first1=DC |last2=Webster |first2=Guy |last3=Brown |first3=Dwayne |title=NASA's Curiosity Beams Back a Color 360 of Gale Crate |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20120809.html |date=August 9, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=August 11, 2012}}
147. ^1 {{cite news |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |title=Mars rover makes first colour panorama |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19201742 |date=August 9, 2012 |newspaper=BBC News |accessdate=August 9, 2012}}
148. ^1 {{cite news |last=Halvorson |first=Todd |title=Quad 51: Name of Mars base evokes rich parallels on Earth |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/story/2012-08-09/mars-panorama-curiosity-quad-51/56922978/1 |date=August 9, 2012 |newspaper=USA Today |accessdate=August 12, 2012}}
149. ^1 {{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/news/crater-mound-a-prize-and-puzzle-for-mars-rover-1.11122 |title=Crater mound a prize and puzzle for Mars rover |journal=Nature |first=Eric |last=Hand |date=August 3, 2012 |accessdate=August 6, 2012|doi=10.1038/nature.2012.11122 }}
150. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://themis.mars.asu.edu/feature/22 |title=Gale Crater's History Book |publisher=Mars Odyssey THEMIS |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
151. ^1 {{cite news |title=Why NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover landing will be "Seven Minutes of Absolute Terror" |date=June 28, 2012 |publisher=Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) |url=http://smsc.cnes.fr/MSL/GP_actualites.htm |work=NASA |accessdate=July 13, 2012}}
152. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/gallery/pia13282.html |title=Final Minutes of Curiosity's Arrival at Mars |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=April 8, 2011}}
153. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2011/11/28/sky-crane-how-to-land-curiosity-on-the-surface-of-mars/ |title=Sky Crane – how to land Curiosity on the surface of Mars |last=Teitel |first=Amy Shira |date=November 28, 2011 |work=Scientific American |accessdate=August 6, 2012}}
154. ^1 {{cite news |first=Mike |last=Snider |title=Mars rover lands on Xbox Live |date=July 17, 2012 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/story/2012-07-16/nasa-mars-rover-game/56253212/1 |work=USA Today |accessdate=July 27, 2012}}
155. ^1 {{cite web |title=Mars Science Laboratory: Entry, Descent, and Landing System Performance |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090007730_2009006430.pdf |publisher=NASA |date=March 2006 |page=7}}
156. ^1 {{cite news |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |title=NASA's Curiosity rover targets smaller landing zone |date=June 12, 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18401248 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=June 12, 2012}}
157. ^1 2 {{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Mars Looks Quite Familiar, if Only on the Surface |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/science/space/mars-looks-quite-familiar-if-only-on-the-surface.html |date=August 13, 2012 |newspaper=New York Times |accessdate=August 14, 2012}}
158. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/mars/curiosity_news3.html |title=Curiosity Lands on Mars |publisher=NASA TV |accessdate=August 6, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806070323/http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/mars/curiosity_news3.html |archivedate=August 6, 2012}}
159. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://motherboard.vice.com/2012/8/6/nasa-s-mars-rover-crashed-into-a-dmca-takedown |title=NASA's Mars Rover Crashed Into a DMCA Takedown |work=Motherboard |publisher=Motherboard.vice.com |date=August 6, 2012 |accessdate=August 8, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808121413/http://motherboard.vice.com/2012/8/6/nasa-s-mars-rover-crashed-into-a-dmca-takedown |archivedate=August 8, 2012}}
160. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/16950-nasa-mars-rover-landing-times-square.html |title=Huge Crowds Watched NASA Rover Land on Mars from NYC's Times Square |publisher=Space.com |accessdate=August 8, 2012}}
161. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/16972-mars-rover-curiosity-landing-mohawk-guy.html |title=Mars Rover 'Mohawk Guy' a Space Age Internet Sensation | Curiosity Rover |publisher=Space.com |date=August 7, 2012 |accessdate=August 8, 2012}}
162. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2012/08/06/curiosity-mars-memes/#s:mars-meme-01 |title=Mars landing proves memes now travel faster than the speed of light (gallery) |publisher=VentureBeat |date=June 18, 2012 |accessdate=August 8, 2012}}
163. ^1 {{cite press release |url=http://www.inxitu.com/new/pdf/NASA%20invention%20of%20the%20year%20award%20v2.pdf |title=inXitu co-founder wins NASA Invention of the Year Award for 2010 |format=PDF |publisher=InXitu |first=Brad |last=Boyer |date=March 10, 2011 |accessdate=August 13, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803081352/http://www.inxitu.com/new/pdf/NASA%20invention%20of%20the%20year%20award%20v2.pdf |archivedate=August 3, 2012}}
164. ^1 {{cite web |title=Martian rover tech has an eye for priceless works of art |url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/onepercent/2012/08/martian-rover-tech.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news |date=August 10, 2012 |accessdate=August 13, 2012}}
165. ^1 {{cite web |last=Thomen |first=Daryl |title='Mars Rover Landing' with Kinect for the Xbox 360 |url=http://www.newsday.com/business/technology/warp-pipe-1.1521604/mars-rover-landing-with-kinect-for-the-xbox-360-1.3886958 |publisher=Newsday |date=August 6, 2012 |accessdate=August 8, 2012}}
166. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://marsparticipate.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/participate/sendyourname/worldmap/ |title=Send Your Name to Mars |accessdate=August 7, 2012 |year=2010 |work=NASA}}
167. ^1 {{cite web |title=NASA's Curiosity rover flying to Mars with Obama's, others' autographs on board |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-112611a.html |accessdate=August 11, 2012}}
168. ^1 {{cite news |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |title=Lonely Curiosity rover sings 'Happy Birthday' to itself on Mars |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/08/06/lonely-curiosity-rover-sings-happy-birthday-to-itself-on-mars/ |date=August 6, 2013 |work=Washington Post |accessdate=August 7, 2013}}
169. ^1 {{cite web |last=Webster |first=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover Marks First Martian Year |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-199 |date=June 23, 2014 |work=NASA |accessdate=June 23, 2014}}
170. ^1 {{cite news |title=NASA announces plans for new $1.5 billion Mars rover |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57557184-76/nasa-announces-plans-for-new-$1.5-billion-mars-rover/ |newspaper=CNET |date=December 4, 2012 |first=William |last=Harwood |quote=Using spare parts and mission plans developed for NASA's Curiosity Mars rover, the space agency says it can build and launch a new rover in 2020 and stay within current budget guidelines. |accessdate=December 5, 2012}}
171. ^1 {{cite web |last=Bosco |first=Cassandro |title=NASA/JPL Mars Curiosity Project Team Receive 2012 Robert J. Collier Trophy |url=http://naa.aero/siteadmin/data/document/Collier%202012%20PR.pdf |date=March 12, 2013 |work=National Aeronautic Association |accessdate=February 9, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223025521/http://naa.aero/siteadmin/data/document/Collier%202012%20PR.pdf |archivedate=February 23, 2014}}
172. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2012-08-degree-street-view-mars.html |title=A 360-degree 'street view' from Mars |work=PhysOrg |first=John |last=Williams |date=August 15, 2012 |accessdate=August 16, 2012}}
173. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.360pano.eu/show/?id=731 |title=Mars Panorama - Curiosity rover: Martian solar day 2 |work=360Cities |first=Andrew |last=Bodrov |date=September 14, 2012 |accessdate=September 14, 2012}}
[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173]
}}

External links

{{Wiktionary|Curiosity}}{{Commons category multi|Curiosity rover|Photos by the Curiosity rover}}
  • Curiosity Rover - Home Page - NASA/JPL
  • MSL - NASA Updates - LIVE TBA Schedule (NASA-TV) (NASA-Audio)
  • [https://slideslive.com/38890315/the-search-for-life-on-mars-elsewhere-in-the-solar-system-curiosity-update The search for life on Mars & elsewhere in the Solar System: Curiosity update - Video lecture by Christopher P. McKay]
  • [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UULA_DiR1FfKNvjuUpBHmylQ MSL - NASA Updates - REPLAY Anytime (NASA-YouTube)] (NASA-Ustream)
  • [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/ultimate-mars-challenge.html MSL - Curiosity Design and Mars Landing - PBS Nova (2012-11-14) - Video (53:06)]
  • MSL - "Curiosity 'StreetView'" (Sol 2 - 2012-08-08) - NASA/JPL - 360° Panorama
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zervvVw2dnU MSL - "Curiosity Lands" (2012-08-06) - NASA/JPL - Video (03:40)]
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMsdobLq1-4 MSL - "Curiosity Descent" (2012-08-21) (sim&real/narrated) - Video (04:06)]
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJgeoHBQpFQ MSL - "Curiosity Descent" (2012-08-06) (real time/25fps) - Video (01:57)]
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlKW1KG8ies MSL - "Curiosity Descent" (2012-08-06) (all/4fps) - NASA/JPL - Video (03:04)]
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki_Af_o9Q9s MSL - Landing ("7 Minutes of Terror") - NASA/JPL - Video (05:08)]
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E37Ss9Tm36c MSL - Landing (EDL/EntryDescentLanding) - Animated Video (02:00)]
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrxvbRA2xCI MSL - Landing Site - Gale Crater - Animated/Narrated Video (02:37)]
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIIC_UbxU6o Emily Lakdawalla on The Design and Engineering of Curiosity: How the Rover Does Its Job (52:50)]
  • MSL - Landing Site - Gale Crater - Google Mars (zoomable map)
  • MSL - Curiosity Rover - Learn About Curiosity - NASA/JPL
  • MSL - Curiosity Rover - Virtual Tour - NASA/JPL
  • MSL - NASA Image Gallery
  • Weather Reports from the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS)
  • {{Twitter}}
  • MSL - NASA Update - AGU Conference (2012-12-03) Video (70:13)
  • Panorama (via Universe Today)
  • [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/32722906326/in/photostream/ High-resolution animation] by Seán Doran of Curiosity doing the 'Naukluft Traverse' (rover's speed is increased for dramatic effect); see more in [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157675872927966 album]
  • Videos on YouTube: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxvODcuFb1s Curiosity{{'s}} First Five Years (02:07)]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0nPFaBU98k Curiosity{{'s}} POV: Five Years Driving (05:49)]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-uAz82sH-E Curiosity{{'s}} Discoveries About Gale Crater (02:54)])
{{Features and artificial objects on Mars}}{{Curiosity Rover Timeline}}{{MSL}}{{Astrobiology}}{{Mars spacecraft}}{{Solar System probes}}{{2012 in space}}

13 : Space probes launched in 2011|2011 robots|Aeolis quadrangle|American inventions|Astrobiology space missions|Mars rovers|Mars Science Laboratory|NASA space probes|Nuclear power in space|Nuclear-powered robots|Six-wheeled robots|Articles containing video clips|2012 on Mars
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/14 12:26:28