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词条 Cyclone Ron
释义

  1. Meteorological history

  2. Preparations and impact

     Tonga 

  3. Aftermath and records

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2015}}{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Severe Tropical Cyclone Ron
| Type=Tropical cyclone
| Year=1998
| Basin=SPac
| Image location=Ron 1998-01-05 0300Z.png
| Image name=Cyclone Ron at peak intensity after recurving towards Tonga on January 5
| Formed=January 1, 1998
| Dissipated=January 9, 1998
Absorbed by Cyclone Susan
| 10-min winds=125
| 1-min winds=145
| Pressure=900
| Damages=0.566
| Inflated=
| Fatalities=None
| Areas=Samoan Islands, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna
| Hurricane season=1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season
}}

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ron was one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record in the South Pacific. The system was first noted as a tropical depression, to the northeast of Samoa on January 1, 1998. Over the next day the system gradually developed further and was named Ron as it developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale during the next day. The system subsequently continued to move south-westwards and became a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone, as it passed near Swains Island during January 3.

intensification proceeded at a fairly rapid rate. Ron reached the peak intensity of 145 mph (225 km/h) on January 5, becoming one of the most intense cyclones in the Southern hemisphere in that decade, when Ron was at north-northwest of Apia, Samoa, three days after initial development. The cyclone maintained this strength for about 36 hours, while re-curving to the south-southeast. Then, Ron started weakening while passing between central Tonga and Niue on January 7. Finally, by January 9, Ron was absorbed by the much larger circulation of Severe Tropical Cyclone Susan.

Meteorological history

{{storm path|Ron 1998 track.png}}

During January 1, 1998 the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) reported that a tropical depression had developed about {{convert|835|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the northeast of the Samoan Islands.[1] The system subsequently moved south-westwards under the influence of an area of high pressure and gradually developed further as its organisation and outflow improved.[2][3] During the next day the FMS reported that the system had developed into a Category 1 Tropical Cyclone, on the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale and named it Ron.[1] At around the same time the Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center initiated advisories on the system, and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 10P with 1-minute wind speeds of {{convert|65|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}.[3] During that day the system continued to move south-westwards and gradually organized further and became a Category 3 Severe Tropical Cyclone during January 3, as it passed about {{convert|20|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the north of Swains Island.[1][4][5]

After passing to the north of Swains Island, Ron continued to intensify and developed an eye as it moved south-westwards, before RSMC Nadi reported that it had become a Category 5 Severe Tropical Cyclone at 00:00 UTC on January 5.[4][6] RSMC Nadi subsequently reported six hours later that the system had peaked with estimated 10-minute sustained wind-speeds of 145 mph (225 km/h) and an estimated minimum pressure of {{convert|900|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.[1][4] At this time the system was located to the northeast of Wallis Island and was thought to be the strongest tropical cyclone in the South Pacific Basin since Severe Tropical Cyclone Hina of the 1984-85 season.[7] The NPMOC subsequently reported that the system had peaked as a category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 165 mph (270 km/h) and an estimated minimum pressure of {{convert|892|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.[8][9]

As the system peaked in intensity during January 5, the system recurved towards the southeast and passed about {{convert|55|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the east of Wallis Island.[4] During the next day Ron remained at it peak intensity before it passed, about {{convert|30|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the east of the Tongan island of Niuafo'ou.[1][4] During January 7, the system started to weaken as it accelerated southeastwards, and passed in between the main Tongan islands and Niue.[7] The system subsequently moved below 25S and left the tropics during the next day, before Ron was last noted being absorbed by Severe Tropical Cyclone Susan during January 9. After absorbing Ron, Susan transitioned into an extra-tropical cyclone, before it was last noted during January 10, bringing an unseasonable cold snap to New Zealand.{{TCWC Wellington BT}}[1][10]

Preparations and impact

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ron caused no deaths and various levels of damage, as it affected Swains Island, Wallis and Futuna and Tonga, while the name Ron was retired from the Lists of tropical cyclone names for the region due to the impact of this system.[1]{{RA V Tropical cyclone operational plan}} Between January 2–3, Swains Island became the first island to be affected by Ron, with severe impacts to structures reported on the island from winds of up to {{Convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip|round=5}}.[1][11] There were no deaths or damages reported on the island, after the 49 residents took shelter in a concrete structure.[12][13]

The system subsequently became the fourth and final tropical cyclone to affect the French territory of Wallis and Futuna during 1997 and 1998, after cyclones Gavin, Hina and Keli had affected the islands.[14][15] Ahead of the system affecting the islands between January 4–6, residents were put on maximum alert for the system by the local disaster management centre.[15][16][17] As a result, residents were urged to stock up with food and water, while a crisis centre was set up in the capital Mata-Utu and Air Calédonie cancelled flights to the islands.[18][19] On the island of Wallis winds of up to {{convert|130|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}, and a rainfall total of {{convert|109|mm|in|abbr=on}} were recorded in the Hihifo District on January 6.[15] Widespread damage to roofs, trees, coastal roads, fales and food crops were recorded while water, electricity supplies and communication network were also disrupted.[15][17][19] Residents of the island of Futuna evacuated inland and sought higher ground as tidal waves of between {{convert|7-9|m|ft}} affected the island.[17][19][20]

Tonga

After affecting both Wallis and Futuna and Swains Island, the system became the strongest tropical cyclone on record in Tonga, as it passed near Niuafo'ou at peak intensity.[1][21] The system was the third tropical cyclone to affect the island nation in 10 months, after Cyclone's Hina and Keli affected the islands during March and June 1997.[22] Ahead of the system affecting the islands tropical cyclone alerts and warnings were issued for the whole nation by the Tonga Meteorological Department.[23] The worst affected Tongan island was Niuafo'ou where considerable damage occurred, while some damage was reported on other islands including Niuatoputapu, Tafahi, and Vava'u.[1]

On the island of Niuafo'ou sustained winds of {{Convert|110|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} were reported, while it was estimated that winds on the island had peaked at between {{Convert|125|-|145|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.[7] During the system's aftermath, a survey team was sent to Niuafoou, Niuatoputapu and Tafahi to assess the damage and the impact of the cyclone on the inhabitants.[24] According to the report made by them, the cyclone left 99 families without home and 43 ones in need of tarpaulins to repair damages, most of them in the Niuafo'ou island.[24] Also, Ron's winds caused extensive damage to agriculture and vegetation of the islands, in which includes total loss of fruit and breadfruit trees and severe damage to cassava and banana crops.[24]

Aftermath and records

Ron's destructive winds caused severe damage in Tonga's sanitation systems, increasing the danger of an outbreak of infectious diseases. Approximately 30% of the water tanks and 95% of the catchment covers had been damaged, leading to a water shortage.[25] Also, according to Tonga's National Disaster Relief Committee, the great loss of plantations and vegetation led to a six-month food shortage.[26] Replanting programmes took up to 6–8 months to restore all the lost vegetation.[25]

Most intense South Pacific cyclones
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure
Winston 2015-16 150|280 km/h (175 mph)}}884|884 hPa (26.1 inHg)}}
Zoe 2002-03 130|240 km/h (150 mph)}}890|890 hPa (26.28 inHg)}}
Pam 2014-15 135|250 km/h (155 mph)}}896|896 hPa (26.46 inHg)}}
Percy 2004-05 125|230 km/h (140 mph)}}900|900 hPa (26.58 inHg)}}
Ron 1997-98 125|230 km/h (140 mph)}}900|900 hPa (26.58 inHg)}}
Susan 1997-98 125|230 km/h (140 mph)}}900|900 hPa (26.58 inHg)}}
Sources:

Several governments and organizations assisted the people affected by Ron. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs as allocated an Emergency Cash Grant of US$20,000 of relief items and coverage of transportation costs. The Government of New Zealand has provided temporary shelters and assistance with repairs to Government and public health buildings, as well as assistance with replanting with a total value of NZ$36,500 (approximately US$21,340). The United Kingdom provided supplies for the repair of water and sanitary systems of a total value of approximately £15,000 (US$25,000).[24] The South Pacific Forum Secretariat in Fiji also helped Tonga, releasing US$10,000 from a special disaster fund.[27]

At that time, Cyclone Ron was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the South Pacific basin, with a lowest central pressure estimated at 900 hPa (26.58 inHg), but now it is the fourth most intense, only behind 2016's Cyclone Winston, 2002's Cyclone Zoe, 2015's Cyclone Pam and tied with its twin, Cyclone Susan and 2005's Cyclone Percy.

However, according to JTWC's annual report, Ron's lowest pressure was 892 hPa (26.3 inHg),[8] what would make this cyclone, not only the third strongest cyclone in the South Pacific, but the third strongest cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, only behind Winston and Zoe.[28][29] But these measures are unofficial.

See also

  • Cyclone Susan
  • List of the most intense tropical cyclones

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |title=RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 1997-98 |date=August 29, 2007 |accessdate=July 31, 2015 |url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/TC_Seasonal_Summary_97-98.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rfDHEnbo?url=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_97-981190690538.pdf |author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre |archivedate=August 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert January 1, 1998 21z |date=January 1, 1998 |archivedate=August 3, 2015 |accessdate=August 3, 2015 |deadurl=no |author=Naval Pacific Meteorological and Oceanographic Center |url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/atcf_web/docs/tcfas/1998/sh911998.98010118.tcf |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aW1juD7w?url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/atcf_web/docs/tcfas/1998/sh911998.98010118.tcf |df=mdy }}
3. ^1 {{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 10P (Ron) Warning 1 January 2, 1998 00z |date=January 2, 1998 |archivedate=July 31, 2015 |deadurl=no |accessdate=July 31, 2015 |author=Naval Pacific Meteorological and Oceanographic Center |url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/atcf_web/docs/warnings/1998/sh101998.98010200.wrn |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aRVqrUhZ?url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/atcf_web/docs/warnings/1998/sh101998.98010200.wrn |df=mdy }}
4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|title=Best Track Data for the 1997–98 season|publisher=United States: International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship|url=ftp://eclipse.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/ibtracs/original-bt-data-files/nadi/RSMC%20Nadi%209798%20BT%20Data.txt.txt|author=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|work=Fiji Meteorological Service|accessdate=July 31, 2015|date=May 22, 2009}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 10P (Ron) Warning 4 January 3, 1998 15z |date=January 3, 1998 |archivedate=August 3, 2015 |accessdate=August 3, 2015 |deadurl=no |author=Naval Pacific Meteorological and Oceanographic Center |url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/atcf_web/docs/warnings/1998/sh101998.98010312.wrn |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aVvnBOxt?url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/atcf_web/docs/warnings/2015/wp142015.1508020.wrn |df=mdy }}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone 10P (Ron) Warning 5 January 4, 1998 15z |date=January 4, 1998 |archivedate=August 3, 2015 |accessdate=August 3, 2015 |deadurl=no |author=Naval Pacific Meteorological and Oceanographic Center |url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/atcf_web/docs/warnings/1998/sh101998.98010412.wrn |publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aW3SDzk2?url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/atcf_web/docs/warnings/1998/sh101998.98010412.wrn |df=mdy }}
7. ^1 2 {{cite journal|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |title=The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1997–98 |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2000/chappel.pdf |accessdate=July 23, 2013 |author2=Bate, Peter W |author=Chappel Lori-Carmen |volume=49 |pages=121–138 |date=June 2, 2000 |journal=Australian Meteorological Magazine |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5z4G6y3zj?url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2000/chappel.pdf |archivedate=May 30, 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}
8. ^1 {{cite report|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1998atcr.pdf|pages=127–138|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1998|year=1999|author2=Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}
9. ^{{cite web|accessdate=August 3, 2015|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/1998/1998s-bsh/bsh101998.txt|title=Tropical Cyclone 10P (Ron) best track analysis|author2=Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center}}
10. ^{{cite news|date=January 10, 1998|location=New Zealand|newspaper=The Southland Times|publisher=The Southland Times Co. Ltd.|page=1|title=Blame Cyclone Susan for cold snap}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM213_1998_SLB_TC_relief.pdf |accessdate=July 29, 2015 |title=Tropical Storm Ron ravish Swains Islands |newspaper=Solomon Star |date=January 9, 1998 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aO3XlJHK?url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM213_1998_SLB_TC_relief.pdf |archivedate=July 29, 2015 |page=15 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
12. ^{{cite web|title=WEEKLY OCEAN NEWS; 2-6 January 2012|author2=DataStreme Ocean Central Staff|url=http://www.aos.wisc.edu/~hopkins/oceans/fall_11/DSOf11news17.html|author=Hopkins, Edward|date=January 16, 2012|accessdate=July 28, 2015|pages=1–11, 21}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Pacific ENSO Update — Special Bulletin|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/MET/Enso/peu/update.dir/Update-Jan98.html|type=Newsletter issued 4th Quarter 1997, Vol.3, No.4|date=January 26, 1998|accessdate=July 28, 2015|pages=1–11, 21}}
14. ^{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Gavin: March 2 — 11, 1997|author2=RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/TC_GAVIN.pdf|type=Tropical Cyclone Report 96/7|author=Kersemakers, Mark|date=April 4, 1998|accessdate=November 16, 2013|pages=1–11, 21}}
15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.meteo.nc/wallis-et-futuna-cyclone/cyclones-passes-wf |title=Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes De 1880 à nos jours |publisher=Meteo France New Caledonia |accessdate=November 16, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701170259/http://meteo.nc/wallis-et-futuna-cyclone/cyclones-passes-wf |archivedate=July 1, 2014 |df= }}
16. ^{{cite news|title=Cyclone Ron causes widespread damage, heads for Noumea|agency=AAP Newsfeed|date=January 6, 1998}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}
17. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://archives.pireport.org/archive/1998/january/01-08-up.html |title=Three Cyclones threaten Pacific; Wallis and Futuna hit |author=Pacific Islands Report |date=January 7, 1998 |accessdate=August 4, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aW77L4VU?url=http://pidp.org/pireport/1998/January/01-07-UP.html |archivedate=August 3, 2015 |publisher=Pacific Islands Development Program/Center for Pacific Islands Studies |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
18. ^{{cite news|title=Pacific islands brace for cyclone|agency=Agence France Presse|date=January 4, 1998}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}
19. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Cyclone Ron Whips Up 9-Metre Tidal Waves|agency=AAP Newsfeed|date=January 6, 1998}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}
20. ^{{cite news|title=Cyclone Ron hits islands|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|page=25|date=January 7, 1998}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}
21. ^{{cite press release|url=http://www.met.gov.to/index_files/elninowatch1.pdf |author=Meteorology Division of the Ministry of Environment, Energy, Climate Change, Disaster Management, Meteorology, Information and Communications |publisher=Government of Tonga |accessdate=July 28, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aMsgNIXA?url=http://www.met.gov.to/index_files/elninowatch1.pdf |archivedate=July 28, 2015 |date=August 8, 2014 |title=El Nino Advisory No.1 for Tonga — An El Niño Watch is now in force for Tonga |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}
22. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.met.gov.to/index_files/tc_history.pdf|title=A report on the list of the tropical cyclones that has affected at least a part of Tonga from 1960 to Present|type=|publisher=Tonga Meteorological Service|accessdate=August 4, 2015}}
23. ^{{cite news|agency=Island Snapshot|title=Cyclone Ron smashes Niuafo'ou lesser damage reported from Niuatoputapu|url=http://www.nomoa.com/tongatapu.net.to/tonga/news/briefs/ss980108.htm|date=January 8, 1998|accessdate=August 8, 2015}}
24. ^1 2 3 {{cite report|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/tonga/tonga-cyclone-ron-situation-report-no-1|title=Tonga Cyclone Ron Situation Report No. 1|publisher=United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs|accessdate=August 9, 2015|date=January 27, 1998|website=ReliefWeb}}
25. ^1 {{cite press release|publisher=Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Government of Tonga |url=http://www.met.gov.to/index_files/elninowatch1.pdf |title=El Nino Advisory No.1 for Tonga — An El Niño Watch is now in force for Tonga |author=Meteorology Division of the Ministry of Environment, Energy, Climate Change, Disaster Management, Meteorology, Information and Communications |accessdate=July 28, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aMsgNIXA?url=http://www.met.gov.to/index_files/elninowatch1.pdf |archivedate=July 28, 2015 |date=August 8, 2014 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}
26. ^{{cite web|publisher=Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/tonga/tonga-says-two-islands-dire-needs-food-relief|title=Tonga says two islands in dire needs of food relief|author=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=December 12, 2012|year=1998}}
27. ^{{cite web|publisher=Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/tonga/south-pacific-forum-releases-funds-fiji-cyclone-recovery|title=South Pacific forum releases funds for Fiji cyclone recovery|author=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=December 12, 2012|year=1998}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/silo/cyclones.cgi|title=Tropical Cyclone Information for the Australian Region|year=2008|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate=January 11, 2010}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/TGPR/saison20032004B/07_table.html|title=Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Gafilo|author=Stephene Royer|date=February 7, 2007|publisher=Météo France|accessdate=January 8, 2010}}

External links

{{SPAC EL's}}{{Retired South Pacific cyclones}}{{1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ron (1998)}}

8 : Tropical cyclones in Tonga|Tropical cyclones in Wallis and Futuna|Category 5 South Pacific cyclones|1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season|Retired South Pacific cyclones|1998 in Tonga|1998 in Wallis and Futuna|Tropical cyclones in Tokelau
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