“Arkady and Boris Strugatsky”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The brothers Arkady Natanovich Strugatsky ({{lang-ru|Аркадий Натанович Стругацкий}}; 28 August 1925 – 12 October 1991) and Boris Natanovich Strugatsky ({{lang-ru|Борис Натанович Стругацкий}}; 14 April 1933 – 19 November 2012) were Soviet-Russian science fiction authors who collaborated through most of their careers.

Life and work

The Strugatsky brothers ({{lang|ru|братья Стругацкие}} or simply {{lang|ru|Стругацкие}}) were born to Natan Strugatsky, an art critic, and his wife, a teacher. Their father was Jewish and their mother was Russian Orthodox. Their early work was influenced by Ivan Yefremov and Stanisław Lem. Later they went on to develop their own, unique style of science fiction writing that emerged from the period of Soviet rationalism in Soviet literature and evolved into novels interpreted as works of social criticism.^[1]

Their best-known novel, Piknik na obochine, has been translated into English as Roadside Picnic. Andrei Tarkovsky adapted the novel for the screen as Stalker (1979).

Algis Budrys compared their "An Emergency Case" and Arkady's "Wanderers and Travellers" to that of Eando Binder.^[2] Several other of their fiction works were translated into English, German, French, and Italian, but did not receive the same magnitude of critical acclaim, as the one granted by their Russian audiences. The Strugatsky brothers, however, were and still are popular in many countries, including Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, the former republics of Yugoslavia, and Germany, where most of their works were available in both East and West Germany. Nowadays, they are arguably the best-known Russian science fiction writers, with a well-developed fan base.{{citation needed|date= December 2014}}

The Strugatsky brothers were Guests of Honour at Conspiracy '87, the 1987 World Science Fiction Convention, held in Brighton, England.

In 1991, Text Publishers brought out the collected works by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Arkady

Arkady Strugatsky was born 25 August 1925 in Batumi; the family later moved to Leningrad. In January 1942, Arkady and his father were evacuated from the Siege of Leningrad, but Arkady was the only survivor in his train car; his father died upon reaching Vologda. Arkady was drafted into the Soviet army in 1943. He trained first at the artillery school in Aktyubinsk and later at the Military Institute of Foreign Languages in Moscow, from which he graduated in 1949 as an interpreter of English and Japanese. He worked as a teacher and interpreter for the military until 1955. In 1955, he began working as an editor and writer. In 1958, he began collaborating with his brother Boris, a collaboration that lasted until Arkady's death on 12 October 1991.^[3] Arkady Strugatsky became a member of the Union of Soviet Writers in 1964. In addition to his own writing, he translated Japanese language short stories and novels, as well as some English works with his brother.

Boris

Born 14 April 1933, Boris Strugatsky remained in Leningrad with his mother during the siege of the city during World War II. He graduated from high school in 1950 and applied to the physics department at Leningrad State University, but studied astronomy instead. After graduating in 1955, he worked as an astronomer and computer engineer at the Pulkovo observatory. In 1960 he participated in a geodetic and astronomical expedition in the Caucasus. Boris Strugatsky became a member of the writers' union of the USSR in 1964. In 1966, he became a full-time writer.^[4] From 1972 he acted as the head of the Leningrad seminar of young speculative fiction writers, which subsequently became known as the "Boris Strugatsky Seminar." He established the "Bronze Snail" literary prize. He was an agnostic atheist.^[5] After the death of his brother, he published two more novels under a pseudonym. Boris Strugatsky died in Saint Petersburg on 19 November 2012.^[6]^[7]

Noon Universe

Several of the Strugatsky brothers' books take place in the World of Noon, also known unofficially as the Wanderers Universe. The name is derived from the title of one of their texts, 22nd Century.

The main characteristics of the Noon Universe are: a very high level of social, scientific, and technological development; the creativity of the general population; and the very significant level of societal maturity compared to the modern world. For instance, this world knows no monetary stimulation (indeed, money does not exist), and every person is engaged in a profession that interests him or her. The Earth of the Noon Universe is governed by a global meritocratic council composed of the world's leading scientists and philosophers. That Noon World has been clearly named as "World of Communism" in their novels, which was handy for publishing their novels in the USSR, where the Communist Party decided whether a book would be printed and approved for mass circulation.

The Noon Universe was described by the authors as the world in which they would like to live and work. It became highly influential for at least a generation of Soviet people, e.g., a person could quote the Strugatsky books and be sure of being understood. At first the authors thought the Noon Universe would become reality "by itself", but then they realized that the only way to achieve it was by inventing the High Theory of Upbringing, making the upbringing of each person a unique deed.

One of the important story arcs of those books addresses how the advanced human civilization covertly steers the development of those considered less advanced. Agents of humans are known as Progressors. At the same time, some humans suspect that a very advanced spacefaring race called Wanderers exists and is "progressing" humanity itself.

Works

Novels

Short stories

Short story collections

Plays

Solo works

The following titles were published by Arkady Strugatsky under the pseudonym S. Yaroslavtsev (C. Ярославцев):

The following titles were published by Boris Strugatsky under the pseudonym S. Vititsky (С. Витицкий):

Adaptations

The Strugatskys' books were often adapted for screen, stage, comics and video games. Some of the adaptations are very loose, like Tarkovsky's Stalker, some are not adaptations but rather a new script written by Brothers themselves, like The Sorcerers.

Legacy

Several writers have to a varying degree paid their tribute to the works of Strugatsky brothers:

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url = http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1968-2/strugatsky-brothers/|title = 1968: Strugatsky Brothers|date = 2014|accessdate = 28 May 2014|website = Seventeen Moments in Soviet history|publisher = Macalester College|last = von Geldern|first = James}}
2. ^{{Cite magazine |last=Budrys |first=Algis |author= |last2= |first2= |date=September 1968 |title=Galaxy Bookshelf |department= |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v27n02_1968-09#page/n185/mode/2up |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction |pages=187-193 |type=}}
3. ^Alexandr Usov, Strugatsky Brothers bio
4. ^Arkadii and Boris Strugatsky, Escape Attempt {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409020515/http://www.swarthmore.edu/Humanities/sforres1/syllabi/R%2BEE_SF/StrugatskysQ.html |date=9 April 2009 }}, Swarthmore.edu
5. ^{{cite web|title=Boris Strugatsky: "The seeds of culture do not die even in the soil, which seems to be frozen to the bottom,"|url=http://www.sovsekretno.ru/magazines/article/3215|publisher=Cobepwehho Cekpetho|accessdate=14 December 2012|author=Boris Strugatsky|quote=I was an atheist, or as it is now for some reason, say, an agnostic. I (unfortunately or fortunately) I can not bring myself to believe in the existence of a conscious self Omnipotence that controls my life and the life of humanity.}}
6. ^Lenta.ru (20 November 2012), Умер Борис Стругацкий. {{Ru icon}}
7. ^Locus Online (19 November 2012), Boris Strugatsky (1933–2012)
8. ^[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0906052/ IMDb record of TV movie Nesmluvená setkání]
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rusf.ru/lukian/faq/list1.htm|title=Works. F.A.Q. Full list of questions and answers|author=Sergei Lukyanenko|accessdate=14 February 2008|language=Russian}}
10. ^OFF-LINE интервью с Борисом Стругацким Январь 2010, 18 January 2010. {{Ru icon}}
11. ^[https://baltika.fm/news/94465 В Петербурге отложили открытие музея Стругацких с донецким архивом] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822055430/https://baltika.fm/news/94465 |date=22 August 2016 }}. baltika.fm (17 April 2016)